Morten Rykke

• Aqrawi, Lara A.; Chen, Xiangjun; Hynne, Håvard; Amdal, Cecilie Delphin; Reppe, Sjur; Aass, Hans Christian Dalsbotten; Rykke, Morten; Hove, Lene Hystad; Young, Alix; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Westgaard, Kristine Løken; Utheim, Tor Paaske; Galtung, Hilde & Jensen, Janicke Liaaen (2020). Cytokines Explored in Saliva and Tears from Radiated Cancer Patients Correlate with Clinical Manifestations, Influencing Important Immunoregulatory Cellular Pathways. Cells.  ISSN 2073-4409.  9(9) . doi: 10.3390/cells9092050
• Tashbayev, Behzod; Garen, Torhild Oddveig; Palm, Øyvind; Chen, Xiangjun; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Young Vik, Alix Rosslyn; Hove, Lene Hystad; Rykke, Morten; Singh, Preet Bano; Aqrawi, Lara Adnan; Utheim, Øygunn Aass; Utheim, Tor Paaske & Jensen, Janicke Cecilie Liaaen (2020). Patients with non-Sjögren's sicca report poorer general and oral health-related quality of life than patients with Sjögren's syndrome: a cross-sectional study. Scientific Reports.  ISSN 2045-2322. . doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-59078-0 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Singh, Preet Bano; Young, Alix; Homayouni, Amin; Hove, Lene Hystad; Petrovski, Beata; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Palm, Øyvind; Rykke, Morten & Jensen, Janicke Liaaen (2019). Distorted Taste and Impaired Oral Health May Affect Nutritional Status in Patients with Sicca Complaints. Nutrients.  ISSN 2072-6643.  11(2) . doi: 10.3390/nu11020264 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Pistone, Sara; Rykke, Morten; Smistad, Gro & Hiorth, Marianne (2017). Polysaccharide-coated liposomal formulations for dental targeting. International Journal of Pharmaceutics.  ISSN 0378-5173.  516(1-2), s 106- 115 . doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.11.028 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Rusthen, Shermin; Young, Alix; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Aqrawi, Lara Adnan; Rykke, Morten; Hove, Lene Hystad; Palm, Øyvind; Jensen, Janicke Liaaen & Singh, Preet Bano (2017). Oral disorders and oral health-related quality of life in patients with primary Sjögren’s Syndrome. European Journal of Oral Sciences.  ISSN 0909-8836.  125(4), s 265- 271 . doi: 10.1111/eos.12358 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Tashbayev, Behzod; Rusthen, Shermin; Young, Alix; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Hove, Lene Hystad; Singh, Preet Bano; Rykke, Morten; Aqrawi, Lara Adnan; Chen, Xiangjun; Utheim, Øygunn Aass; Utheim, Tor Paaske; Palm, Øyvind & Jensen, Janicke Liaaen (2017). Interdisciplinary, comprehensive oral and ocular evaluation of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. Scientific Reports.  ISSN 2045-2322.  7:10761, s 1- 9 . doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10809-w Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Nguyen, Sanko; Smistad, Gro; Rykke, Morten & Hiorth, Marianne (2016). Nanoparticulate Systems for Dental Drug Delivery, In Jose L. Arias (ed.),  Nanotechnology and Drug Delivery - volume II: Nano-Engineering Strategies and Nanomedicines Against Severe Diseases..  CRC Press.  ISBN 9781482262711.  Chapter 3.  s 52 - 74
• Nguyen, Sanko; Hiorth, Marianne; Rykke, Morten & Smistad, Gro (2013). Polymer coated liposomes for dental drug delivery - Interactions with parotid saliva and dental enamel. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.  ISSN 0928-0987.  50(1), s 78- 85 . doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.03.004
• Nguyen, Sanko; Hiorth, Marianne; Rykke, Morten & Smistad, Gro (2011). The potential of liposomes as dental drug delivery systems. European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics.  ISSN 0939-6411.  77(1), s 75- 83 . doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.09.010
• Nguyen, Sanko; Solheim, Lee; Bye, Ragnar; Rykke, Morten; Hiorth, Marianne & Smistad, Gro (2010). The influence of liposomal formulation factors on the interactions between liposomes and hydroxyapatite. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces.  ISSN 0927-7765.  76(1), s 354- 361 . doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.11.020
• Devold, TG; Rykke, Morten; Isabey, D; Sorensen, ES; Christensen, B; Langsrud, T; Svenning, C; Borch-Iohnsen, Berit; Karlsen, Jan & Vegarud, GE (2006). In vitro studies of adsorption of milk proteins onto tooth enamel. International Dairy Journal.  ISSN 0958-6946.  16
• Devold, Tove Gulbrandsen; Rykke, Morten; Isabey, Delphine; Sørensen, Esben; Christensen, Brian; Langsrud, Thor; Svenning, Cecilie; Borch-Iohnsen, Berit; Karlsen, Jan & Vegarud, Gerd (2006). In vitro studies of adsorption of milk proteins onto tooth enamel. International Dairy Journal.  ISSN 0958-6946.  16(9), s 1013- 1017 Vis sammendrag

  The aim of this investigation was to study in vitro adsorption of milk proteins onto tooth enamel. In vitro "milk protein pellicles" were formed on enamel specimens incubated in fluid milk products: skimmed milk (pH 6.7), acidified skimmed milk (pH 4.2), yoghurt and neutralized yoghurt (pH 6.7). The enamel specimens were used as such or pre-incubated in saliva. The "milk pellicles" were desorbed from enamel surfaces, and proteins separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Proteins were identified by their pattern of migration in SDS-PAGE or by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) fingerprinting. Neutral "milk protein pellicies" (skimmed milk and neutralized yoghurt) mainly consisted of caseins. At pH values close to their isoelectric point, caseins remained unabsorbed, and lactoferrin and bovine serum albumin were the most abundant protein species in the acidified "skimmed milk pellicle". Virtually no proteins in yoghurt were able to adsorb onto enamel. Pre-incubation of enamel specimens in saliva did not inhibit or affect "milk pellicle" formation indicating that in vivo adsorption of milk proteins may occur on tooth surfaces in the oral cavity and have implications in oral hygiene. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

• Young, Alix; Rykke, Morten & Rølla, Gunnar (1999). On the nature of the acquired enamel pellicle, In  Tooth wear and sensitivity.  Martin Dunitz.  Chapter 3.  s 29 - 38
• Rykke, Morten (1999). Proteinenes struktur og rolle for emaljepellikelen og den oral helse, I: Erik Hjørting-Hansen (red.),  Odontologi 99.  Munksgaard, København.  s 97 - 116
• Rykke, Morten; Devold, Tove Gulbrandsen; Smistad, Gro; Vegarud, Gerd E.; Jelen, P.; Thomas, T.D.; Wouters, J.T.M; Horne, D. (guest editor); Leaver, J. (guest editor) & Miur, D. (guest editor) (1999). Comparison of bovine casein micelles and human salivary micelle-like structures. International Dairy Journal.  ISSN 0958-6946.  9(03.jun), s 365- 366 Vis sammendrag

  The structure of human salivary parotid proteins has been compared to that of casein micelles in bovine milk. Although both salivary parti cles and casein micelles were stabilised by calcium, the parotid mice lle-like structures tended to aggregate into clusters on storage.

• Rykke, Morten; Devold, Tove; Smistad, Gro & Vegarud, Gerd (1999). Comparison of bovine casein micelles and human salivary micelle-like structures. International Dairy Journal.  ISSN 0958-6946.  9, s 365- 366
• Young, Alix; Rykke, Morten & Rølla, Gunnar (1999). Quantitative and qualitative analyses of human salivary micelle-like globules. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica.  ISSN 0001-6357.  57, s 105- 110 Vis sammendrag

  In the present study we examined the protein proportion and amino acid profile of the salivary micelle--like globules (SMGs) of human whole saliva and parotid saliva (HWS, HPS). Saliva and SMGs samples from each subject (clarified HWS and HPS from 6 subjects, and unclarified HWS from 3 subjects) were analysed for amino acids using standard acid hydrolysis procedures. HPS, clarified HWS and the respective supernatant samples (remaining after removal of the SMGs) were also measured for protein using the micro--Kjeldahl method. SMGs from clarified and unclarified HWS made up 4.7 % and 19.7 %, respectively, of the total salivary protein based on amino acid analyses. With the micro--Kjeldahl method SMGs from clarified HWS made up 7.3 % of the total saliva protein. SMGs isolated from HPS were found in only small amounts. The amino acid profile for the SMGs was strikingly similar to that known for the 2--h pellicle, and differed significantly from HWS or HPS. The results support previous morphological studies indicating that the globular salivary structures (the SMGs) represent a major component of the newly formed pellicle.

• Young, Alix; Smistad, Gro; Karlsen, Jan; Rølla, Gunnar & Rykke, Morten (1997). The effect of some proteolytic enzymes on human salivary micelle-like structures. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces.  ISSN 0927-7765.  8, s 189- 198
• Rykke, Morten; Young, Alix; Devold, Tove; Smistad, Gro & Rølla, Gunnar (1997). Fractionation of salivary micelle-like structures by gel chromatography. European Journal of Oral Sciences.  ISSN 0909-8836.  105(5 (II)), s 495- 501
• Rykke, Morten; Young, Alix; Rølla, Gunnar; Devold, Tove & Smistad, Gro (1997). Transmission electron microscopy of human saliva. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces.  ISSN 0927-7765.  9, s 257- 267
• Rykke, Morten; Young, Alix; Devold, Tove; Smistad, Gro & Roella, Gunnar (1997). Fractionation of saliva micelle-like structures by gel chromatography. European Journal of Oral Sciences.  ISSN 0909-8836.  105(105), s 495- 501 Vis sammendrag

  Globular structures have been demonstrated in human parotid saliva by transmission electron microscopy and photon correlation spectroscopy . The aim this study was to fractionate these globular structures for analytical and preparative purposes using a gel-filtration material capable of separating spherical particles up to 300-400 nm in diamet er. Freshly obtained parotid saliva was applied to a Sephacryl S-1000 column.. Peak fractions were collected and prepared for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or for amino acid analysis. Bovine milk wa s included as the casein micelles by TEM appear to be similar to the salivary aggregates and their elution profiles are known. The salivar y globular structures were eluted in one major peak. TEM of negativel y stained samples from the peak fractions demonstrated globular prote in aggregates consistent with the salivary structures in parotid sali va. Amino acid analysis showed characteristic amino acid profiles wit h unusual high levels of proline, 40-45%. The casein micelles were e luted in one major peak and separated from the whey proteins. This st udy indicates that the salivary globular structures can be isolated b y gel chromatography. The a

• Rykke, Morten; Young, Alix; Roella, Gunnar; Devold, Tove; Smistad, Gro; Brash, J.L.; Busscher, H.J. & Ohshima, H. (1997). Transmission electron microscopy of human saliva. ?.  9(5), s 257- 267
• Young, Alix; Rykke, Morten; Smistad, Gro & Rølla, Gunnar (1997). On the role of human salivary micelle-like globules in bacterial agglutination. European Journal of Oral Sciences.  ISSN 0909-8836.  105(5 (II)), s 485- 494 Vis sammendrag

  The hypothesis to be tested in this in-vitro study was that the salivary micelle-like globules (SMGs) have a role in the agglutination of some oral bacteria. An attempt to determine the mechanisms for the interactions involved was also carried out. 4 laboratory and 4 native streptococci strains were tested. Human whole (HWS) and parotid (HPS) saliva was collected from 4 subjects, SMGs were isolated from both salivas, and agglutination was recorded in the various bacterial suspensions over time. HPS, HWS, and SMGs isolated from HPS and HWS caused typical agglutination patterns for the mutans strains. Salivary supernatants (without SMGs) caused a much delayed, or no agglutination at all. Electron microscopy showed SMG-like structures on the surface of the agglutinated bacteria. Addition of pyrophosphate to HPS prevented agglutination, whereas guanidine HCl prevented normal agglutination of a sanguis strain, and urea had no obvious effect. Together, these results indicate that the SMGs are important in the agglutination of streptococci, and that both calcium-dependent, electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions may be involved.

• Young, Alix; Smistad, Gro; Karlsen, Jan; Rølla, Gunnar & Rykke, Morten (1997). Zeta potentials of human enamel and hydroxyapatite as measured by the Coulter DELSA 440. Advances in Dental Research.  ISSN 0895-9374.  11(4), s 560- 565 Vis sammendrag

  The zeta potential of human enamel is of physiological importance for interactions between enamel surfaces and the surrounding aqueous medium of saliva. The zeta potentials of both enamel and hydroxyapatite (HA) have been studied previously by various techniques. In this study we examined the zeta potential of human enamel and HA using the Coulter® DELSA 440, which by a laser, makes independent Doppler shift measurements of moving particles in an electric field at 4 different angles, providing advantages over previous techniques. The enamel and HA particles were suspended directly in different phosphate buffers, or first incubated for 2 h in parotid (PS) or whole saliva (HWS) and then suspended in the same buffers. The enamel and HA particles exhibited an overall net surface potential of -17 to -30 mV, dependent on buffer content. Incubation in PS and HWS gave less negative potentials of -8 to -14 mV. In our previous studies, the salivary micelle-like structures (SMSs) seen in TEM of parotid saliva, were observed to have a zeta potential of -9 mV (Rykke et al., 1996). The zeta potential determinations in this study support the concept of an adsorption of mostly SMSs to the enamel surfaces, with a change of the zeta potential of the enamel and HA towards that of the SMSs.

• Rykke, Morten; Young, Alix; Smistad, Gro; Rølla, Gunnar & Karlsen, Jan (1996). Zeta potentials of human salivary micelle-like particles. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces.  ISSN 0927-7765.  6, s 51- 56
• Rykke, Morten; Smistad, Gro; Rølla, Gunnar & Karlsen, Jan (1995). Micelle-like structures in human saliva. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces.  ISSN 0927-7765.  4, s 33- 44
• Rølla, Gunnar; Rykke, Morten & Gaare, Dagrun (1995). The role of the acquired enamel pellicle in calculus formation. Advances in Dental Research.  ISSN 0895-9374.  9, s 403- 409
• Skjørland, Kjeld; Rykke, Morten & Sønju, Torleif (1995). Rate of pellicle formation in vivo. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica.  ISSN 0001-6357.  53, s 358- 362

Se alle arbeider i Cristin

• Hynne, Håvard; Westgaard, Kristine Løken; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Amdal, Cecilie Delphin; Hove, Lene Hystad; Young, Alix; Rykke, Morten; Chen, Xiangjun; Utheim, Tor Paaske & Jensen, Janicke Liaaen (2019). Oral and Ocular Findings in Radiated Head-and Neck Cancer Patients.
• Jensen, Janicke Liaaen; Chen, Xiangjun; Hynne, Håvard; Westgaard, Kristine Løken; Hove, Lene Hystad; Young, Alix; Rykke, Morten; Singh, Preet Bano; Tashbayev, Behzod; Utheim, Øygunn Aass; Utheim, Tor Paaske; Palm, Øyvind; Amdal, Cecilie Delphin & Herlofson, Bente Brokstad (2019). Sjögren’s versus irradiated head-neck cancer patients: oral and ocular investigations.
• Young, Alix; Singh, Preet Bano; Hynne, Håvard; Løken Westergaard, Kristine; Hove, Lene Hystad; Rykke, Morten; Xiangjun, Chen; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Amdahl, Cecilie Delphin & Jensen, Janicke Liaaen (2019). Oral Investigations in Head and Neck Cancer Patients after Radiotherapy. Vis sammendrag

  Objectives: To investigate oral complaints and findings in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients who had received radiotherapy and compare them with controls. Methods: As part of a larger study, 30 HNC patients (14 female, age 64.2±9.6y) and 26 age- and sex-matched controls (13 female, 62.9±12.9y, p=0.850) were examined at the Dry Mouth Clinic, Faculty of Dentistry, Oslo. Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) was assessed using the short form Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14: high score-low OHRQoL). Self-reported dysgeusia (yes/no) and sense of taste (10-point VAS: high score-good smell sense) were recorded. Taste scores were recorded using taste strips (high score-good taste function). Oral candida counts were determined from cheek and tongue swabs (0=no growth, 1=minimal, 2=moderate, 3=severe). Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) in mouth air samples were determined by gas chromatography and related to perceptive threshold-levels (H2S≤112ppb, CH3SH≤26ppb). Between-group comparisons were performed using Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-square test. Results: The HNC patients reported significantly poorer OHRQoL than controls (OHIP sum-score: 18.4±12.4 vs 1.2±2.0, p<0.001). They reported significantly poorer sense of taste compared to controls (6.4±2.4 vs 7.8±1.9, p=0.018), and more often dysgeusia (26.7% vs 7.7%, p=0.087). The measured gustatory scores (20.4±6.4 vs 22.3±4.6, p=0.315) were similar for both groups. Candida scores were significantly higher in the patient group (1.6±1.3 vs 0.7±0.9, p=0.024). The percentage of HNC patients who had oral H2S above the threshold level was significantly lower than for the controls (0% vs 27%, p<0.05). This was not the case for CH3SH (5.5% vs 27%, p=0.105). Conclusion: After radiotherapy, these HNC patients experienced negative oral consequences of the treatment. They reported poorer OHRQoL, and had reduced taste sensation and higher oral candida counts. However, the underlying reason for less problems with halitosis in HNC patients than in controls is worth further exploration.

• Homayouni, Amin; Tashbayev, Behzod; Rusthen, Shermin; Hove, Lene Hystad; Rykke, Morten; Singh, Preet Bano; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Jensen, Janicke Liaaen & Young, Alix (2018). Can saliva secretion affect oral malodour and oral health-related quality of life?. Vis sammendrag

  The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between saliva secretion, halitosis and oral health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Informed consent was obtained from 65 participants including 24 patients with primary Sjögren’s Syndrome (pSS, 53±12y), 17 patients with dry eyes and dry mouth not fulfilling the classification for pSS (non-SS-sicca, 53±11y), and 24 healthy controls (49±11y). Unstimulated (UWS) and stimulated (SWS) whole saliva secretion rates were recorded as low (hyposalivation: SWS <0.7 ml/min, UWS <0.1 ml/min) or normal (SWS >0.7 ml/min, UWS >0.1 ml/min). Volatile sulfur compounds (VSC: hydrogen sulphide-H2S, methylmercaptan-CH3SH) in mouth air were measured by gas chromatography. HRQoL was assessed using the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14). Mann-Whitney test was used in data analysis (p<0.05). In general, for UWS, subjects with hyposalivation had significantly higher mean CH3SH-levels than those with normal salivation (27.339.3 vs 9.913.6 ppb). For SWS, subjects with hyposalivation had significantly higher mean H2S-levels (184.5464.8 vs 43.964.1 ppb) and CH3SH-levels (27.237.4 vs 6.58.9 ppb). Within the non-SS patient group, those with hyposalivation had significantly higher H2S-levels than those with normal salivation. In general, there were no significant differences in OHIP-scores based on VSC levels. However, within the non-SS group, those with high H2S-levels (>112 ppb) reported significantly more often that they had “difficulties relaxing due to oral problems”, and that “life has been less satisfactory due to oral problems”, than those with low H2S-levels (<112 ppb). In conclusion, hyposalivation was generally associated with increased levels of oral VSC, indicating oral malodour. Surprisingly, patients with dry eyes and dry mouth who did not fulfill the classification for pSS seemed to be more affected in their daily life than patients who fulfilled the criteria.

• Hynne, Håvard; Tashbayev, Behzod; Young, Alix; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Hove, Lene Hystad; Rykke, Morten; Aqrawi, Lara Adnan; Chen, Xiangjun; Utheim, Øygunn Aass; Palm, Øyvind; Aass, Hans Christian Dalsbotten; Reppe, Sjur; Utheim, Tor Paaske & Jensen, Janicke Liaaen (2018). Evaluation of Dry Eye Disease, Oral Dryness and Inflammatory Cytokines in Primary Sjögren´s Syndrome.
• Langeland, Øystein; Tashbayev, Behzod; Rusthen, Shermin; Young, Alix; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Hove, Lene Hystad; Singh, Preet Bano; Rykke, Morten; Aqrawi, Lara Adnan; Chen, Xiangjun; Utheim, Øygunn Aass; Utheim, Tor Paaske; Palm, Øyvind & Jensen, Janicke Liaaen (2018). Comparative Ocular and Oral Findings in Sicca Complex.
• Tashbayev, Behzod; Chen, Xiangjun; Utheim, Øa; Rusthen, Shermin; Young, Alix; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Hove, Lene Hystad; Singh, Preet Bano; Rykke, Morten; Aqrawi, Lara Adnan; Utheim, Tor Paaske; Garen, Torhild Oddveig; Palm, Øyvind & Jensen, Janicke Liaaen (2018). Primary Sjögren´s Syndrome and Non-Sjögren´s Sicca Syndrome Patients; unexpected differences in symptoms and findings of dry eye disease, dry mouth, and oral health related quality of life.
• Rusthen, Shermin; Young, Alix; Preet, Bano; Tashbayev, Behzod; Garen, Torhild Oddveig; Aqrawi, Lara A.; Rykke, Morten; Hove, Lene Hystad; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Palm, Øyvind & Jensen, Janicke Liaaen (2017). Is Health-related Quality of Life Correlated to Oral Status in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome Patients?.
• Tashbayev, Behzod; Rusthen, Shermin; Chen, X; Utheim, Tor Paaske; Utheim, Øygunn Aass; Young, Alix; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Aqrawi, Lara Adnan; Rykke, Morten; Hove, Lene Hystad; Palm, Øyvind & Jensen, Janicke Liaaen (2017). Dry Mouth and Dry Eye Examinations of a Norwegian Cohort of Primary Sjögren´s Syndrome Patients.
• Hove, Lene Hystad; Aqrawi, Lara Adnan; Rusthen, Shermin; Young, Alix; Rykke, Morten; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Singh, Preet Bano; Palm, Øyvind; Utheim, Tor Paaske & Jensen, Janicke Liaaen (2016). Establishment of a Dry Mouth Clinic at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway.
• Rusthen, Shermin; Singh, Preet Bano; Young, Alix; Aqrawi, Lara Adnan; Rykke, Morten; Hove, Lene Hystad; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Palm, Øyvind & Jensen, Janicke Liaaen (2016). Oral quality of life, salivary, gustatory and olfactory status in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome.
• Singh, Preet Bano; Rusthen, Shermin; Aqrawi, Lara A.; Young, Alix; Rykke, Morten; Hove, Lene Hystad; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Palm, Øyvind & Jensen, Janicke Liaaen (2016). Chemosensory disorders, burning mouth sensation, and halitosis in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome.
• Young, Alix; Rusthen, Shermin; Aqrawi, Lara Adnan; Rykke, Morten; Hove, Lene Hystad; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Singh, Preet Bano; Palm, Øyvind & Jensen, Janicke Liaaen (2016). Dental health status of patients diagnosed with primary Sjögren's Syndrome. Vis sammendrag

  This clinical study aims to assess some oral health parameters in patients diagnosed with primary Sjögren’s Syndrome (pSS), and is part of a larger project studying groups of patients suffering from dry mouth. Material and methods: Twenty female pSS patients (mean age 54±12.7y) and 32 healthy controls (mean age 50±12.4y), were recruited to the study and examined at a newly established Dry Mouth Clinic at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, after giving written consent. A questionnaire was filled out and clinical and radiological examinations were performed. Differences between the patient and control groups were calculated using t-test or Chi-squared tests. Results: Approximately 1/3 of patients considered their general and oral health as ‘poor’ or ‘very poor’. No controls considered their general health as ‘poor’ or ‘very poor’, and only 1 control considered their oral health as ‘poor’ or ‘very poor’. Ninety percent of patients and 75% of controls had visited the dentist within the last year. There was no between-group difference in the mean number of teeth present (patients 25.5±2.7; controls 26.1±3.8). The patients had higher mean caries experience: DMFT (patients: 18.0±6.45; controls 12.9±7.26, p=0.014), FT (patients: 15.35±5.77; controls 11.28±6.10, p=0.02), and D3-5T (patients: 0.60±0.94; controls: 0.28±0.58, p=0.136). Visible plaque was observed in 30% of patients and 9.4% of controls (p=0.056). Signs of gingivitis were observed in 25% of patients and 6% of controls (p=0.054). Conclusion: Compared to controls, pSS patients reported poorer general and oral health. They had significantly higher dental caries experience, and a tendency to more plaque and gingivitis. However, the pSS patients reported visiting their dentist more regularly than the controls, suggesting an awareness of the oral consequences of reduced salivary function.

• Nguyen, Sanko; Hiorth, Marianne; Rykke, Morten & Smistad, Gro (2010). Liposomes - interactions with salivary constituents.
• Nguyen, Sanko H.; Rykke, Morten; Hiorth, Marianne & Smistad, Gro (2009). The influence of formulation factors on the interactions between liposomes and hydroxyapatite.
• Rykke, Morten (2009). Bonding - Hva nå?.
• Rykke, Morten (2009). Bonding i Buskerud Kompositter i Buskerud Resincementer i Buskerud.
• Rykke, Morten (2009). Keramiske restaureringer - avanserte?.
• Rykke, Morten (2009). Samarbeid Det odontologiske fakultet - Tannteknikerutdanningen.
• Rykke, Morten (2009). Status and benefits of currently available caries detection devices.
• Devold, Tove Gulbrandsen; Rykke, Morten; Sørensen, Esben; Christensen, Brian; Langsrud, Thor; Svenning, Cecilie; Karlsen, Jan & Vegarud, Gerd (2006). In vitro studies of adsorption of milk protein onto tooth enamel.
• Devold, Tove Gulbrandsen; Rykke, Morten; Sørensen, Esben; Karlsen, Jan & Vegarud, Gerd (2006). In vitro studies of adsorption of milk proteins onto tooth enamel. ?.  -(-), s 8- 9 Vis sammendrag

  milk proteins, pellicle formation, tooth enamel, skimmed milk, yoghurt

• Rykke, Morten (2006). Bonding.
• Rykke, Morten (2006). Bonding - Hva kan vi forvente.
• Rykke, Morten (2006). Bonding opp og i mente.
• Devold, Tove Gulbrandsen; Rykke, Morten; Isabey, Delphine; Sørensen, Esben; Christensen, Brian; Langsrud, Thor; Svenning, Cecilie; Karlsen, Jan & Vegarud, Gerd (2005). In vitro studies of adsorption of milk proteins onto tooth enamel. Vis sammendrag

  The aim of this investigation was to study in vitro adsorption of milk proteins onto tooth enamel. In vitro ?milk protein pellicles? were formed on enamel specimens incubated in fluid milk products (skimmed milk (pH 6.7), acidified skimmed milk (pH 4.2), yoghurt and neutralized yoghurt (pH 6.7)). The enamel specimens were used as-is or pre-incubated in saliva. The ?milk pellicles? were desorbed from enamel surfaces, and proteins separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Proteins were identified by their pattern of migration in SDS-PAGE or by Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization Time-of-flight Mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) fingerprinting. Neutral ?milk protein pellicles? (skimmed milk and neutralized yoghurt) mainly consisted of caseins. At pH values close to their isoelectric point caseins remained unabsorbed, and lactoferrin and bovine serum albumin were the most abundant protein species in the acidified ?skimmed milk pellicle?. Virtually no proteins in yoghurt were able to adsorb onto enamel. Pre-incubation of enamel specimens in saliva did not affect ?milk pellicle? formation indicating that in vivo adsorption of milk proteins may occur on tooth surfaces in the oral cavity.

• Devold, Tove Gulbrandsen; Rykke, Morten; Sørensen, Esben; Christensen, Brian; Langsrud, Thor & Vegarud, Gerd (2005). In vitro adsorption of milk proteins onto tooth enamel ? effects of thermal processing and acidification. Vis sammendrag

  An increasing amount of information demonstrate a bioactive role for milk components including a role in prevention of dental caries, these findings have been attributed to different compounds (i.e. proteins, peptides, calcium-phosphate, fatty acids) and different mechanisms of action. Indeed, it seems that many of the reported anti-cariogenic properties of milk proteins are similar to those exerted by saliva proteins in the oral cavity, including lubrication, digestion, regulation of the composition of the oral flora and formation of a bioactive semi permeable barrier (pellicle) that coats oral surfaces. This investigation aimed to study the effects of thermal processing and acidification of the milk on in vitro adsorption of milk proteins onto tooth enamel. Milk protein ?pellicles? were allowed to form for 2 hours by incubation of surgically removed molars in selected fluid milk products (skimmed milk, acidified skimmed milk and yoghurt). The enamel specimens were used as is or pre-incubated in saliva to simulate conditions in the oral cavity. The ?milk pellicle? proteins were desorbed and separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Proteins were identified by their SDS-PAGE migration pattern or by Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization Time-of-flight Mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) fingerprinting. Our results demonstrated that the adsorption of milk proteins onto tooth enamel differed significantly between the milk products. Neutral ?milk protein pellicles? mainly consisted of caseins. At pH values close to their isoelectric point caseins remained unabsorbed, and lactoferrin and bovine serum albumin were the most abundant protein species in the acidified ?skimmed milk pellicle?. Virtually no proteins in yoghurt were able to adsorb onto enamel. Moreover, our results showed that ?milk protein pellicle? formation was not inhibited or affected by pre-incubation of enamel specimens in saliva, implying that in vivo adsorption of milk proteins may occur on enamel surfaces in the oral cavity and furthermore have implications in oral hygiene.

• Devold, Tove Gulbrandsen; Vegarud, Gerd; Langsrud, Thor & Rykke, Morten (2005, 29. august). Melk gir bedre tenner.
• Devold, Tove & Rykke, Morten (2005). In vitro studies of adsorption of milk proteins onto tooth enamel.
• Rykke, Morten (2005). Bonding.
• Rykke, Morten (2005). Bonding - materialer og metoder.
• Stenvik, Arild; Espeland, Lisen Vivienne & Rykke, Morten (2005). An assessment of distant learning in orthodontic postgraduate training.
• Devold, Tove Gulbrandsen; Sørensen, Esben; Christensen, Brian; Vegarud, Gerd; Langsrud, Thor; Svenning, Cecilie; Karlsen, Jan & Rykke, Morten (2004). Identification of SMG proteins by MALDI peptide mass fingerprinting. Vis sammendrag

  Salivary micelle-like globules (SMGs) represent macromolecular aggregates assumed to be of importance in the oral physiology by maintaining homeostasis in the oral environment, performing bacterial agglutination and providing tissue protection. Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify protein species involved in the micelle-like aggregations by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry followed by peptide mass fingerprinting. Methods: Micelle-like structures were isolated from clarified whole saliva (HWS) by ultracentrifugation at 100.000 xg for 60 minutes, washed twice in de-ionized water and freeze-dried. Micelle-like structures were extracted with 50 mM ammonium acetate, pH 5.0, 8M urea,and 0.1 M EDTA for 30 minutes prior to mixing with Laemmli loading buffer containing DTE. Samples were run on Tris/tricin SDS-PA gels (12%), bands excised and subjected to in-gel trypsin digestion. Extracted peptides were analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS and the resulting peptide mass maps were searched against the NCBI, OWL or Swissprot databases. Results: The study showed that salivary micelle-like structures are complex aggregates; 13 different protein species were identified; calgranulins (A and B), cystatin SN, lysozym, prolactin-induced protein, annexins (I, II and III), actin, a-amylase, keratin 13 type I, Ig a-2 chain (C region) and lactoferrin. Several of these proteins are well characterized components of human whole saliva and enamel pellicle. The study also revealed novel protein species not previously described in salivary secretions. Conclusion: The analyses clearly indicate that the micelle-like aggregates are complex macromolecular structures resulting from selective interactions of salivary proteins, and containing proteins of importance for the immune system.

• Devold, Tove; Sorensen, Esben; Vegarud, Gerd; Langsrud, Thor; Svenning, Cecilie; Karlsen, Jan & Rykke, Morten (2004). Identification of SMG Proteins by MALDI Peptide Mass Fingerprinting.
• Vegarud, Gerd; Devold, Tove Gulbrandsen; Langsrud, Thor & Rykke, Morten (2004). Identification of Proteins in Salivary Micellar-like Globulus. Vis sammendrag

  Salivary proteins seems to form micellar-like structures as identified by SEM. The protein composition of whole saliva, salivary-like proteins and pellicle were setarated by electrophoresis and identified by MALDI-Tof analysis.

• Rykke, Morten & Devold, Tove (2003). Saliva and Salivary Proteins - Quality and Health Aspects.
• Devold, Tove Gulbrandsen; Vegarud, Gerd; Svenning, Cecilie; Isabey, Delphine; Langsrud, Thor; Karlsen, Jan & Rykke, Morten (2003). Adsorption of salivary proteins and milk proteins to enamel surfaces.
• Devold, Tove; Vegarud, Gerd; Svenning, Cecilie; Isabey, Deborah; Langsrud, Thor & Rykke, Morten (2003). Adsorption of salivary proteins and milk proteins to enamel surfaces.
• Rykke, Morten & Devold, Tove Gulbrandsen (2003). Saliva and salivary proteins.
• Svenning, Cecilie; Devold, Tove; Langsrud, Thor; Karlsen, Jan; Rykke, Morten & Vegarud, Gerd (2002). Rhelogical synergism between mucin and high heated milk proteins.
• Devold, Tove Gulbrandsen; Vegarud, Gerd; Svenning, Cecilie; Isabey, Delphine; Langsrud, Thor; Karlsen, Jan & Rykke, Morten (2002). A comparative study of salivary proteins and milk proteins.
• Devold, Tove Gulbrandsen; Vegarud, Gerd; Svenning, Cecilie; Langsrud, Thor; Schwab, Clarissa; Karlsen, Jan & Rykke, Morten (2002). Comparative studies on salivary protein aggregates and acquired enamel pellicle. Vis sammendrag

  Salivary protein aggregates in the form of micelle-like structures (SMGs) are assumed to be important in oral physiology as a major fraction of the acquired enamel pellicle and performing bacterial agglutination. Objective: the study was performed to compare the protein profiles of salivary aggregates with both in vivo and in vitro enamel pellicles (EP) from different individuals. Materials: human whole saliva (HWS) were collected from 4 subjects by parafilm stimulated chewing and clarified at 2,000 xg. Salivary globular structures were obtained from clarified HWS by ultra centrifugation at 120,000 xg and by centrifugation at 2,000 xg after acidification to pH 3.1. In vivo pellicles were collected after 2 hrs by scraping enamel surfaces. In vitro pellicles were collected on enamel slabs after incubating in clarified HWS for 2 hrs. Samples of these were lyophilized and processed for amino acid analyses, for isoelectric focusing (IEF) on polyacrylamide gels with pH range 2.5 - 10, and for SDS-PAGE on 20% gels. Results: amino acid analyses showed high content of acidic and neutral amino acids in all samples and a striking similarity between pellicle and SMG profiles, as well as in the inter-individual pellicle profiles. The IEF showed 12 - 15 different protein bands with a major portion in the pH range 6 - 7. The SDS-PAGE showed 12 - 14 different proteins in the range 12 - 70 kD. Both IEF and SDS-PAGE showed identical proteins in HWS, pellicle and SMGs, however, with an important difference in the relative amounts. Conclusions: the analyses confirmed the similarity in pellicle and SMGs profiles and the inter-individual consistency in pellicle composition supporting the concept of selectivity in pellicle formation and salivary aggregates as major fractions.

• Devold, Tove; Vegarud, Gerd; Svenning, C.; Langsrud, T.; Schwab, C.; Karlsen, Jan & Rykke, Morten (2002). Chemical Analyses of salivary Protein Aggregates and Acquired Enamel Pellicle. J Dent Res. Abstr No 000.
• Svenning, Cecilie; Devold, Tove Gulbrandsen; Langsrud, Thor; Karlsen, Jan; Rykke, Morten & Vegarud, Gerd (2002). RHEOLOGICAL SYNERGISM BETWEEN MUCIN AND HIGH HEATED MILK PROTEINS.
• Svenning, Cecilie; Rykke, Morten; Karlsen, Jan; Langsrud, Thor; Devold, Tove Gulbrandsen & Vegarud, Gerd (2002). Iron binding in whey and whey proteins.
• Jørgensen, J.A.; Rykke, Morten; Huysmanns, M-C.; Ruben, J. & Sønju-Clasen, A.B. (2001). Demineralizing Effect of a 10% Carbamide Peroxide gel on Enamel; an in-situ study. Dansk Tannlegeforening, Copenhagen, Denmark.
• Palmer Jr, R.J.; Beeley, J.A.; Rykke, Morten; Scannapieco, F. & Kolenbrander, P. (2001). Saliva-Pellicle-Bacterium Interactions: The Initial Dynamics of Oral Biofilm Formation. J Dent Res. Abstr No 1680.
• Svenning, C.; Langsrud, T.; Devold, Tove; Karlsen, Jan; Rykke, Morten & Vegarud, Gerd (2001). Interaction between heat treated whey protein products and mucin. The effect of pepsin, pH, temperature and blending procedures. The 7th Int Symp on Maillard Reaction, Kumamoto, Japan.
• Svenning, Cecilie; Devold, Tove Gulbrandsen; Langsrud, Thor; Karlsen, Jan; Rykke, Morten & Vegarud, Gerd (2001). Interaction between heat treated whey protein products and mucin. The effect of pepsin,pH temperature and blending procedure. Vis sammendrag

  High bioavalibility of supplemental iron in a heat treated whey protein concentrate product; BWC (Brown Whey Cheese) has been reported in a Norwegian study. Calsium, magnesium and copper works as &#8221; thickening agent&#8221; by change in the hydration of mucus brougth about by metal-induced conformational changes in the mucin macromolecule, and both iron and aluminium has be documented to associat with mucus in the gastrointestinal tract of man.[Exley, 1998 #86]Iron may thereby change the rheological properties of mucin together with milk proteins, both the caseins and the whey proteins are known to be bioadhesive proteins. Ref ? The objective was to study the changes in viscoelasitc properities of mucus by rheological synergism between mucin-polymer and used as an in vitro parameter to determine the mucoadhesive properties of different whey protein products products; Pepsin treatment,changes in pH and blending procedures was included Whey proteins do form melanoidins by high heat treatment with a reducing sugar like lactose. Melanoidins are produced through Maillard Reactions and these melanoidins act as amphotheric chelators . Paar Physica rhemeter was used in this study Three different experiments were performed

• Vegarud, Gerd; Langsrud, T.; Karlsen, Jan; Devold, Tove; Rykke, Morten; Östlie, H. & Svenning, C. (2001). Interaction of Lactic Acid Bacteria with Ferrous Iron in Norwegian Brown Whey Cheese. The 7th Int Symp on Maillard Reaction, Kumamoto, Japan.
• Vegarud, Gerd; Langsrud, Thor; Devold, Tove Gulbrandsen; Karlsen, Jan; Rykke, Morten; Østlie, Hilde & Svenning, Cecilie (2001). Interaction of lactic acid bacteria with ferrous iron in norwegian brown whey cheese.
• Rykke, Morten (1999). Salivary Protein Content in Patients Exhibiting Tooth Wear. J Dent Res. Abstr No 3512.
• Rykke, Morten; Devold, Tove Gulbrandsen; Smistad, Gro & Vegarud, Gerd Elisabeth (1999). Fractionation of salivary micelle-like structures and casein micelles on Sephacryl S-1000. Vis sammendrag

  Globular protein aggregates have been demonstrated in human parotid s aliva by transmission electron microscopy. Photon correlation spectro scopy indicates these structure to be about 100 - 200 nm in diameter. The globular structures exhibit the characteristics of micelle-like structures as they have a net negative surface charge and may be stai ned by lipid soluble dyes, thus exhibiting structural similarities to the casein micelles. There is reason to assume that the salivary str uctures are important in oral physiology by providing lubrication of oral tissues, maintaining calcium supersaturation of saliva and by pe rforming bacterial agglutination. The salivary structures are assumed to be the result of interactions of amphiphilic salivary proteins wi th structural similarities to the caseins of milk. The aim of this st udy was to isolate the salivary globular protein structures by gel-fi ltration for preparative and analytical purposes and to compare them to the casein micelles. Conclusions -Globular structures of human s aliva (Salivary micelle-like structures) appear to be structural simi lar to the casein micelles of milk. -The salivary micelle-like struct ures may also be isolated b

• Rykke, Morten; Devold, Tove Gulbrandsen; Smistad, Gro & Vegarud, Gerd (1998). Comparison of bovine casein micelles and human salivary michelle-like structures.
• Rykke, Morten; Devold, Tove; Smistad, Gro & Vegarud, Gerd (1998). Fractionation of salivary micelle-like structures and casein micelles by gel-filtration on Sehacryl S-1000. International Dairy Federation, Copenhagen, Denmark.
• Rykke, Morten; Young, Alix & Smistad, Gro (1998). Fractionation of salivary micelle-like structures by gel-chromatography. J Dent Res. Abstr No 162.
• Young, Alix; Rykke, Morten & Rølla, Gunnar (1998). Co-aggregation of human parotid and submandibular/sublingual salivary micelle-like globules. Vis sammendrag

  Co-aggregation of micelle-like globules from parotid and submandibular/sublingual saliva. A. YOUNG*, M. RYKKE and G. RØLLA (Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway). It has been observed that the salivary micelle-like globules (SMGs) in human whole saliva (HWS) are more abundant than those found in human parotid saliva (HPS). The chemical composition of the SMGs isolated from HWS and from HPS also appeared to be different. The hypothesis to be tested in the present study was that co-aggregation occurs between SMGs from different salivas. Previous photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) analyses of HPS have demonstrated SMGs with an initial hydrodynamic diameter in the range 100-150 nm, increasing to about 450 nm 50 min after sampling (Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 4, 1995: 33-44). The aim of the present study was to examine the effect on particle size of mixing the secrete from two major salivary glands in order to mimic HWS. HPS and submandibular/sublingual saliva (SMSL) were collected from 5 subjects on 3 separate occasions. The salivas were mixed together in the ratio 75 % HPS / 25 % SMSL and examined by PCS. The results indicate that mixing of the two secretions resulted in the formation of large SMGs with a hydrodynamic diameter of about 500 nm, and increasing to about 1200 nm, 20 min after mixing. HPS alone was composed of particles ranging from 100 to 400 nm over 20 min, as seen previously. It is therefore suggested that the composition and size of SMGs in whole saliva are the result of a combination of particles from the different salivary secretions.

• Young, Alix; Rykke, Morten & Rølla, Gunnar (1998). Quantitative protein analyses of human whole salivary micelle-like globules. Vis sammendrag

  Quantitative protein analyses of human whole salivary micelle-like globules. A. YOUNG*, M. RYKKE and G. RØLLA (Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway). It has been reported previously that human saliva contains globular aggregates which are morphologically similar to the casein micelles in milk. The salivary micelle-like globules (SMGs) have been demonstrated by TEM and light scattering techniques (Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 4, 1995: 33-44). The globules have a diameter of 100 to 200 nm and an isoelectric point (IP) at pH 3.1. The SMGs are thought to be important in oral physiology i.e. as major components of the acquired enamel pellicle. The aim of the present study was to determine how much of the total salivary protein of human whole saliva (HWS) is associated with the SMGs. 3 samples of stimulated HWS, collected from each of 6 subjects, were clarified for 10 min at 1500 x g. SMGs were isolated from the HWS by acidification to the IP using lactic acid, and centrifugation for 15 min at 1500 x g. Following vacuum hydrolysis, HWS and SMGs samples were analysed in a Model 421 Amino Acid Analyser (Perkin Elmer Corp, USA). From the same aliquots, HWS and the supernatant remaining after SMGs isolation, were also tested for protein by the Kjeldahl method. SMGs isolated from clarified HWS contributed on average 4.7 % (s.d. 2.0, range 1.4-7.9) and 7.7 % (s.d. 2.6, range 4.0-14.3) based on amino acid analyses and Kjeldahl respectively. SMGs isolated from unclarified HWS from 3 subjects contributed 18.7 % (s.d. 6.3, range 13.5-33.1) based on amino acid analyses. Unclarified saliva may represent a slight overestimation whereas clarification is believed to remove some of the largest SMGs. These results indicate that the SMGs represent a significant portion of the total salivary protein and support the contention that they may be important structures in oral physiology.

• Rykke, Morten; Devold, Tove; Smistad, Gro & Vegarud, Gerd (1997). Comparison of bovine casein micelles and human salivary micelle-like structures. Hannah Symposium Caseins and caseinates-structures, interactions, networks. Ayr, Scotland.
• Rykke, Morten; Young, Alix; Smistad, Gro & Rølla, Gunnar (1997). Characterization of the human salivary micelle-like structures. J Dent Res. Abstr No 1664.
• Young, Alix; Rykke, Morten & Rølla, Gunnar (1997). Salivary micelle-like structures and bacterial agglutination. J Dent Res. Abstr No 2254.
• Young, Alix; Rølla, Gunnar & Rykke, Morten (1997). The proportion of salivary micelle-like structures in the total protein content of human saliva. Caries Res. Abstr No 80.
• Young, Alix; Smistad, Gro; Karlsen, Jan; Rølla, Gunnar & Rykke, Morten (1997). Zeta potentials of human enamel as measured by the Coulter® DELSA 400. Council of Europa, Mainz, Germ.
• Rykke, Morten; Young, Alix; Smistad, Gro; Devold, Tove & Rølla, Gunnar (1996). Gel-filtration of Human Parotid Saliva. J dent Res. Abstr No 604.
• Rølla, Gunnar; Wåler, Sonni Mette; Kjærheim, Vibeke Elisabeth & Rykke, Morten (1996). The salivary micelle-like globules are the major retention sites for Triclosan. J Dent Res. Abstr No 606.
• Young, Alix; Rykke, Morten & Rølla, Gunnar (1996). Human salivary micelle-like structures and bacterial agglutination, J Dent Res. Abstr No 000.
• Young, Alix; Rykke, Morten & Rølla, Gunnar (1996). Human salivary micelle-like structures reduce enamel demineralization.Caries Res. Abstr No 3.
• Young, Alix; Rykke, Morten; Smistad, Gro & Rølla, Gunnar (1996). The effect of proteolytic enzymes on human salivary micelle-like structures. J Dent Res. Abstr No 605.
• Arneberg, Paal; Leirskar, Jakob & Rykke, Morten (1995). Glass-ionomer Restorations from a Students` Clinic. Abstr No 71. NOF, Oslo, Norway.
• Leirskar, Jakob; Arneberg, Paal & Rykke, Morten (1995). The quality of glass-ionomer cemet fillings placed by dental students. A preliminary report.
• Rykke, Morten; Smistad, Gro & Young, Alix (1995). Transmission electron microscopy of human parotid saliva. Caries Res. abstr No 108.
• Rykke, Morten; Smistad, Gro; Young, Alix; Karlsen, Jan & Rølla, Gunnar (1995). Zeta Potential Measurements of Human Enamel and Salivary Micelle-like Structures. J dent Res. 74:Spes.Iss. Abstr No 881.

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