Preet Bano Singh

• Singh, Preet Bano; Singh, Simon Vivan; Iversen, Per Ole & Jensen, Janicke Liaaen (2025). Evaluation and management of chemosensory, trigeminal and salivary dysfunctions in patients with post coronavirus disease. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN. ISSN 2405-4577. 70(December 2025), p. 452–462. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2025.10.018. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background & aims While the management of olfactory disorders among patients with post Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is well elucidated, treatment of taste dysfunction, oral burning, and oral dryness is less extensively studied among post-COVID-19 patients. This prospective study aimed (i) to assess the prevalence of chemosensory, trigeminal, and salivary dysfunctions in patients at two different time points following COVID-19 infection, and (ii) to evaluate the recovery process over time. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 54 Early-post-COVID-19 (3–11 months since COVID-19), 46 Late-post-COVID-19 (≥12 months since COVID-19) and 76 Non-COVID-19 controls were recruited. Participants’ olfactory, gustatory, trigeminal, and salivary status were investigated. Depending on the test outcomes, tailored treatments were administered, and patients were monitored every 3–6 months. Results The findings indicated that none of these dysfunctions improved on their own over time. Patients in both post-COVID-19 groups demonstrated significantly reduced smell, trigeminal and salivary functions compared to the control group. Taste impairment was significantly more severe in Late-post-COVID-19 patients compared to Early-post-COVID-19 patients. Follow-up evaluations revealed significant improvement in both smell and taste functions at each follow-up visit across both patient groups. Conclusion Chemosensory, trigeminal, and salivary disorders in post-COVID-19 patients may not resolve with time alone, underscoring the need for tailored treatments to achieve significant improvements.

• Sødal, Anne Thea Tveit; Diep, My Tien; Skudutyte-Rysstad, Rasa; Singh, Preet Bano; Young, Alix & Jensen, Janicke Liaaen [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2024). Oral helse blant 65-åringer i Oslo. Den norske tannlegeforenings Tidende. ISSN 0029-2303. 12(134). doi: 10.56373/2024-12-5. Full text in Research Archive
• Rogn, Åsmund; Jensen, Janicke Liaaen; Iversen, Per Ole & Singh, Preet Bano (2024). Post-COVID-19 patients suffer from chemosensory, trigeminal, and salivary dysfunctions. Scientific Reports. 14. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-53919-y. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Recent literature indicates that post-COVID-19 patients suffer from a plethora of complications, including chemosensory dysfunction. However, little attention has been given to understand the interactions between chemosensory, trigeminal, and salivary dysfunctions in these patients. The aims of this study were (1) to investigate the prevalence and combinations of chemosensory, trigeminal, and salivary dysfunctions, (2) to identify the odorants/tastants that are compromised, and (3) to explore possible associations between the four dysfunctions in post-COVID-19 patients. One hundred post-COVID-19 patients and 76 healthy controls (pre-COVID-19) were included in this cross-sectional, case-controlled study. Participants' smell, taste, trigeminal, and salivary functions were assessed. The patients had a significantly higher prevalence of parosmia (80.0%), hyposmia (42.0%), anosmia (53.0%), dysgeusia (34.0%), complete ageusia (3.0%), specific ageusia (27.0%), dysesthesia (11.0%) and dry mouth (18.0%) compared to controls (0.0% for all parameters, except 27.6% for hyposmia). Complete loss of bitter taste was the most prevalent specific ageusia (66.7%) and coffee was the most common distorted smell (56.4%). Seven different combinations of dysfunction were observed in the patients, the most common being a combination of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction (48.0%). These findings indicate that post-COVID-19 patients experience a range of chemosensory, trigeminal, and salivary disturbances, occurring in various combinations.

• Frigaard, Julie Mari; Hynne, Håvard; Randsborg, Karoline; Mellin-Olsen, Tonje; Hofgaard, Anne Kristine & Young, Alix [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Exploring oral health indicators, oral health-related quality of life and nutritional aspects in 23 medicated patients from a short-term psychiatric ward. Frontiers in Public Health. 11. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1083256. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Patients suffering from psychiatric disorders face many difficulties due to their condition, medications and lifestyle. Oral health and nutrition may be affected, further complicating their lives. Our aim was to provide in-depth information on oral health and nutritional factors in a small group of patients in short-term psychiatric ward. Methods Twenty-three patients (mean age 36, average medications five) were recruited during short-term hospitalization in a psychiatric ward. Inclusion criteria: anxiety, psychosis and/or depression, and use of at least one antidepressant or anxiolytic/antipsychotic drug with xerostomia as a known side effect. Subjective oral dryness was evaluated using the Shortened Xerostomia Inventory (SXI). Oral examination included Clinical Oral Dryness Score (CODS), secretion of unstimulated (UWS) and stimulated whole saliva (SWS), and evaluation of dental, gingival, and periodontal status. Self-reported complaints of oral disorders were recorded. The Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) was used to explore oral health-related quality of life. Nutritional status was assessed using the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment Short Form (PG-SGA-SF), and diet quality was assessed using the Mediterranean diet score (KIDMED). Results Compared to healthy controls, the patients had significantly higher SXI scores and CODS, and SWS secretion was lower. Complaints of dysgeusia and halitosis were significantly more frequent among patients. Gingivitis was more common in patients. OHIP-14 scores were much higher in the patients, and they reported significantly poorer oral and general health. Most patients lacked a regular meal pattern. Very low diet quality was observed in five patients, while improvements were needed in twelve. “ Dry mouth ” and “ No appetite, just did not feel like eating ” were the most common symptoms preventing patients from eating enough. The PG-SGA-SF symptoms component score showed a strong negative correlation with self-reported oral health, and a strong positive correlation with OHIP-14. Conclusion This relatively small group of patients in short-term psychiatric ward had both reduced oral health and poor oral health-related quality of life. Furthermore, their nutritional intake was affected by their oral health problems. Although larger groups need to be studied, these findings indicate that oral health and nutrition should be evaluated and adjusted in these patients to improve their overall care.

• Tanem, Kristine Eidal; Stensvold, Einar; Wilberg, Petter; Skaare, Anne B; Singh, Preet Bano & Brandal, Petter [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Taste and smell function in long-term survivors after childhood medulloblastoma/CNS-PNET. Supportive Care in Cancer. ISSN 0941-4355. 30, p. 6155–6162. doi: 10.1007/s00520-022-07048-9. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Purpose To investigate taste and smell function in survivors, with a minimum of 2 years since treatment of childhood medulloblastoma (MB)/central nervous system supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor (CNS-PNET). Methods This cross-sectional study included 40 survivors treated ≤ 20 years of age. Taste strips with four concentrations of sweet, sour, salt, and bitter were used to assess taste function in all participants. Score from 0 to 16; ≥ 9 normogeusia, < 9 hypogeusia, and complete ageusia which equals no sensation. No sensation of a specific taste quality equals ageusia of that quality. Thirty-two participants conducted smell testing using three subtests of Sniffin’ sticks: threshold, discrimination, and identification. Together they yield a TDI-score from 1 to 48; functional anosmia ≤ 16.00, hyposmia > 16.00– < 30.75, normosmia ≥ 30.75– < 41.50, and ≥ 41.50 hyperosmia. Results were compared with normative data. Survivors rated their taste and smell function using a numerical rating scale (NRS) score 0–10. Results Forty survivors with a mean time since treatment of 20.5 years, 13 (32.5%) were diagnosed with hypogeusia, nine (22.5%) of these being ageusic to one or more taste qualities. Seventeen (53%) of 32 participants were diagnosed with hyposmia. The mean scores of the olfactory subtests, and TDI score were significantly lower than normative data ( P  < 0.0001). The mean NRS scores of smell and taste function were 7.9 ± 1.5 and 8 ± 1.3, respectively. Conclusion Our study showed impaired taste and smell function in survivors of childhood MB/CNS-PNET using objective measurements. However, subjective ratings did not reflect objective findings.

• Gerkin, Richard C; Ohla, Kathrin; Veldhuizen, Marie G; Joseph, Paule V; Kelly, Christine E & Bakke, Alyssa J [Show all 71 contributors for this article] (2021). Recent smell loss is the best predictor of COVID-19 among individuals with recent respiratory symptoms. Chemical Senses. ISSN 0379-864X. doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa081. Full text in Research Archive
• Sødal, Anne Thea Tveit; Singh, Preet Bano; Skudutyte-Rysstad, Rasa; Diep, My Tien & Hove, Lene Hystad (2021). Smell, taste and trigeminal disorders in a 65-year-old population. BMC Geriatrics. doi: 10.1186/s12877-021-02242-6. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Smell, taste and trigeminal disorders likely have a substantial impact on human daily life. However, data regarding the prevalence of these disorders in Norway are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of smell, taste, trigeminal disorders and associated factors in a 65-year-old population in Oslo, Norway. Methods A random sample of 223 individuals (123 men, 100 women) participated in the study. Medical history was obtained, and unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) and stimulated whole saliva (SWS) were collected to determine salivary secretion rates. Sniffin`n Sticks and Taste Strips (Burghart Messtechnik GmbH, Wedel, Germany) were used for quantitative testing of olfactory and gustatory function. In addition, the participants’ self-reported perceptions of smell and taste, and burning mouth sensation were investigated. Results The results showed that 34 % of the participants had reduced smell (28 % hyposmia and 6 % anosmia) and 28 % had reduced taste perception (21 % hypogeusia and 7 % ageusia). 13 % of the partcipants had a combination of smell and taste disorders. Dysgeusia was reported by 5 % and burning mouth sensation (syndrome) by 3 % of the participants. Hyposmia, hypogeusia and ageusia were significantly more prevalent among men. Significant associations were found between taste disorders and previous history of cerebral hemorrhage and heart attack, and between burning mouth sensation and gastrointestinal disorders. Disturbances in olfactory, gustatory and trigeminal function were significantly related to medication use. Ageusia and burning mouth sensation were significantly more prevalent among smokers. Except from higher prevalence of ageusia among participants with hyposalivation with respect to SWS, no significant associations were found between salivary secretion rate and chemosensory or trigeminal disorders in the present study. Conclusions The present study revealed that one-third of 65-year-old individuals had impaired smell and more than one-fourth had impaired taste function. The prevalence of dysgeusia and burning mouth sensation was very low. Reduced smell and taste perception were more common among men than women. Furthermore, some diseases and medications were associated with chemosensory and trigeminal disorders. Ageusia was associated with SWS hyposalivation.

• Westgaard, Kristine Løken; Hynne, Håvard; Amdal, Cecilie Delphin; Young, Alix; Singh, Preet Bano & Chen, Xiangjun [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2021). Oral and ocular late effects in head and neck cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. Scientific Reports. 11:4026, p. 1–11. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83635-w. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A broader understanding of oral and ocular late effects in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients who underwent intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) may provide valuable information in follow-up and improve quality of life. Twenty-nine HNC patients treated at least 6 months earlier and 30 age-matched controls were recruited. After completing several questionnaires: Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14), Shortened Xerostomia Inventory (SXI), Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and McMonnies Dry Eye questionnaire (MDEQ), participants underwent oral and ocular examinations. Oral examination included clinical oral dryness score (CODS) and secretion rates of unstimulated and stimulated saliva (UWS, SWS). Ocular examination included tear film break-up time, Schirmer test and ocular surface staining. The patients had more problems related to dry mouth than controls based on CODS and SXI, and more complaints of dry eye disease based on OSDI and MDEQ. UWS and SWS rates and oral health related quality of life were significantly lower in the patient group. Subjective oral dryness (SXI) correlated significantly with subjective ocular dryness (OSDI and MDEQ). Our study demonstrates that HNC patients treated with IMRT experience late effects in terms of xerostomia and ocular dryness underlining the importance of interdisciplinary approach in the evaluation and follow-up of HNC patients.

• Zou, Lai-quan; Dworschak, Annika; Alizadeh, Rafieh; Kamrawa, Seyed; Alwashahi, Mohammed & Bock, Marie [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2020). “U-Sniff ” - the international odor identification test for children: an extension of its normative database and study of global reliability. Rhinology. ISSN 0300-0729. 45(7). doi: 10.4193/Rhin19.355. Full text in Research Archive
• Parma, Valentina; Ohla, Kathrin; Veldhuizen, MK; Niv, Masha Y.; Kelly, Christine E. & Bakke, Alyssa J. [Show all 52 contributors for this article] (2020). More than smell- Covid-19 is associated with severe impairment of smell, taste, and chemethesis. Chemical Senses. ISSN 0379-864X. 45(7), p. 609–622. doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa041. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Recent anecdotal and scientific reports have provided evidence of a link between COVID-19 and chemosensory impairments, such as anosmia. However, these reports have downplayed or failed to distinguish potential effects on taste, ignored chemesthesis, and generally lacked quantitative measurements. Here, we report the development, implementation, and initial results of a multilingual, international questionnaire to assess self-reported quantity and quality of perception in 3 distinct chemosensory modalities (smell, taste, and chemesthesis) before and during COVID-19. In the first 11 days after questionnaire launch, 4039 participants (2913 women, 1118 men, and 8 others, aged 19–79) reported a COVID-19 diagnosis either via laboratory tests or clinical assessment. Importantly, smell, taste, and chemesthetic function were each significantly reduced compared to their status before the disease. Difference scores (maximum possible change ±100) revealed a mean reduction of smell (−79.7 ± 28.7, mean ± standard deviation), taste (−69.0 ± 32.6), and chemesthetic (−37.3 ± 36.2) function during COVID-19. Qualitative changes in olfactory ability (parosmia and phantosmia) were relatively rare and correlated with smell loss. Importantly, perceived nasal obstruction did not account for smell loss. Furthermore, chemosensory impairments were similar between participants in the laboratory test and clinical assessment groups. These results show that COVID-19-associated chemosensory impairment is not limited to smell but also affects taste and chemesthesis. The multimodal impact of COVID-19 and the lack of perceived nasal obstruction suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus strain 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may disrupt sensory-neural mechanisms.

• Tashbayev, Behzod; Garen, Torhild Oddveig; Palm, Øyvind; Chen, Xiangjun; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad & Vik, Alix Rosslyn Young [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2020). Patients with non-Sjögren's sicca report poorer general and oral health-related quality of life than patients with Sjögren's syndrome: a cross-sectional study. Scientific Reports. 10(2063). doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-59078-0. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Understanding the impact of the disease on quality of life is crucial in patient management. In this cross-sectional study, general and oral health-related quality of life questionnaires, and thorough examinations of oral and ocular dryness were performed in age- and sex-matched patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS group), non-Sjögren’s syndrome sicca (non-SS group) and healthy controls. General and oral health-related quality of life were investigated with the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey and the 14-Item Oral Health Impact Profle questionnaires, respectively. Subjective symptoms of xerostomia and ocular dryness were recorded using the Summated Xerostomia Inventory and Ocular Surface Disease Index, respectively. Clinical examinations included evaluation of clinical oral dryness scores, candida counts, unstimulated and stimulated saliva secretory rates, tear osmolarity, tear flm break-up time, Schirmer I test and ocular surface staining. Both patient groups had pronounced signs and symptoms of xerostomia and ocular dryness. Even though the non-SS patients had less severe clinical signs than the pSS patients, they demonstrated much poorer general and oral health-related quality of life. In conclusion, non-SS patients require more attention in order to improve their quality of life.

• Singh, Preet Bano; Young, Alix; Homayouni, Amin; Hove, Lene Hystad; Petrovski, Beata & Herlofson, Bente Brokstad [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). Distorted Taste and Impaired Oral Health May Affect Nutritional Status in Patients with Sicca Complaints. Nutrients. 11(2). doi: 10.3390/nu11020264. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Senses of smell and taste, saliva flow, and dental status are considered as important factors for the maintenance of a good nutritional status. Salivary secretory rates, chemosensory function, burning mouth sensation, halitosis and dental status were investigated in 58 patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS), 22 non-Sjögren’s syndrome sicca (non-SS) patients, and 57 age-matched healthy controls. A significantly greater proportion of patients with pSS and non-SS had ageusia, dysgeusia, burning mouth sensation, and halitosis compared to controls. Patients with pSS had significantly lower olfactory and gustatory scores, and significantly higher caries experience compared to controls. Patients with pSS and non-SS patients had significantly lower unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva secretory rates compared to controls. The findings indicated that several different aspects of oral health were compromised in both, patients with pSS and non-SS, and this may affect their food intake and, hence, their nutritional status. Although non-SS patients do not fulfill Sjögren’s syndrome classification criteria, they have similar or, in some cases, even worse oral complaints than the patients with pSS. Further studies are needed to investigate food preferences, dietary intake, and nutritional status in these two patient groups in relation to their health condition.

• Chen, Xiangjun; Aqrawi, Lara Adnan; Utheim, Tor Paaske; Tashbayev, Behzod; Utheim, Øygunn Aass & Reppe, Sjur [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2019). Elevated cytokine levels in tears and saliva of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome correlate with clinical ocular and oral manifestations. Scientific Reports. 9(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43714-5. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Investigating cytokines in tear fluid and saliva may offer valuable information for understanding the pathogenesis of primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS). Cytokine profiles in both tear fluid and saliva of pSS patients, non-Sjögren’s syndrome (non-SS) subjects with sicca symptoms, and healthy controls without sicca complaints were analysed. Furthermore, relationships associating the severity of clinical ocular and oral manifestations with the upregulated cytokines were assessed. In tear fluid, pSS patients showed elevated levels of IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-12p70, IL-17A, IFN-γ, IP-10, MIP-1b, and Rantes compared to non-SS subjects and healthy controls. The increased cytokine levels (except IP-10) correlated significantly with reduced tear production, less stable tear film, and greater ocular surface damage. In saliva, pSS patients had a higher IP-10 level, which correlated with higher candida score; and an elevated MIP-1a level, which correlated significantly with lower unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva secretion rates. The upregulated cytokines identified in tear fluid and saliva of pSS patients show a clear interplay between innate and adaptive immune responses that may contribute to disease pathogenesis. The increase of IP-10 and MIP in both tears and saliva further emphasises the essential role of macrophages and innate immunity in pSS.

• Singh, Preet Bano; Young, Alix; Lind, Synnøve; Leegard, Marie Cathinka; Capuozzo, Alessandra & Parma, Valentina (2018). Smelling anxiety chemosignals impairs clinical performance of dental students. Chemical Senses. ISSN 0379-864X. 43(6), p. 411–417. doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjy028. Full text in Research Archive
• Nesvold, Marianne Bakke; Jensen, Janicke Liaaen; Hove, Lene Hystad; Singh, Preet Bano; Young, Alix & Palm, Øyvind [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2018). Dietary intake, body composition and oral health parameters among female patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Nutrients. 10:866(7), p. 1–12. doi: 10.3390/nu10070866. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  There is limited knowledge about dietary intake and body composition among patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome. We assessed dietary intakes with 24-h recalls and body composition with anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance in 20 female patients. Various scoring tools were used to assess oral health. The patients had a lower energy percentage (E%) from carbohydrates (p = 0.02) and a higher E% from fat (p = 0.01) compared to a reference group. The lower intake of carbohydrates was due to a lower bread intake (p = 0.04), while the higher intake of fat was due to a higher intake of butter, margarine, and oil (p = 0.01). The patients ate more than twice (p = 0.02) as much fish as the reference group. The compliance to recommended intakes of macro- and micronutrients was good. Forty-percent of the patients were overweight/obese. Increased intake of beverages was observed in patients with severe xerostomia and/or low oral health-related quality of life, whereas reduced fat intake was found in hyposmic patients. In conclusion, the dietary intake among the patients was not much different from the reference group and complied with recommendations. Most oral health parameters were not associated with nutrient intakes. Specific dietary guidelines are probably not needed to ensure adequate nutrition among such patients.

• Tashbayev, Behzod; Rusthen, Shermin; Young, Alix; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Hove, Lene Hystad & Singh, Preet Bano [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2017). Interdisciplinary, comprehensive oral and ocular evaluation of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. Scientific Reports. 7:10761, p. 1–9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10809-w. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A comprehensive evaluation of oral and ocular symptoms and findings in primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) patients may provide valuable information for management. Medical history was obtained from female pSS patients, and sex- and age-matched non-SS patients with sicca symptoms (non-SS sicca controls) as well as healthy subjects without sicca complaints (healthy controls). Oral (Summated Xerostomia Inventory, SXI) and ocular (McMonnies Dry Eye questionnaire, MDEIS, and Ocular Surface Disease Index, OSDI) subjective complaints were recorded. Objective findings including clinical oral dryness scores (CODS), unstimulated and stimulated saliva secretion rates (UWS/SWS), Schirmer I test, tear osmolarity, tear film break-up time (TFBUT), and ocular surface staining (OSS) were determined. The pSS and non-SS sicca controls were extensively troubled by subjective dryness, while the pSS group had higher CODS, significantly lower saliva and tear secretion, shorter TFBUT and higher OSS than both control groups. Furthermore, candida counts were significantly higher in the pSS patients. In the pSS group, subjective oral dryness significantly correlated with ocular dryness (MDEIS: r = 0.5, OSDI: r = 0.413) and SWS was significantly correlated with Schirmer I (r = 0.419). The findings imply that interdisciplinary subjective and objective evaluation of patients with xerostomia and xerophthalmia not only have implications for patient care, but also may guide clinicians in differentiating between pSS and non-SS sicca patients.

• Rusthen, Shermin; Young, Alix; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Aqrawi, Lara Adnan; Rykke, Morten & Hove, Lene Hystad [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2017). Oral disorders and oral health-related quality of life in patients with primary Sjögren’s Syndrome. European Journal of Oral Sciences. ISSN 0909-8836. 125(4), p. 265–271. doi: 10.1111/eos.12358. Full text in Research Archive
• Sinding, Charlotte; Gransjøen, Ann Mari; Schlumberger, Gina; Grushka, Miriam; Frasnelli, Johannes & Singh, Preet Bano (2016). Grey matter changes of the pain matrix in patients with burning mouth syndrome. European Journal of Neuroscience. ISSN 0953-816X. 43(8), p. 997–1005. doi: 10.1111/ejn.13156. Full text in Research Archive
• Singh, Preet Bano; Hummel, Thomas; Gerber, Johannes; Landis, Basile & Iannilli, Emilia (2015). Cerebral processing of umami: A pilot study on the effects of familiarity. Brain Research. ISSN 0006-8993. 1614, p. 67–74. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.019. Full text in Research Archive
• Iannilli, Emilia; Singh, Preet Bano; Schuster, Benno; Gerber, Johannes & Hummel, Thomas (2012). Taste laterality studied by means of umami and salt stimuli: An fMRI study. NeuroImage. ISSN 1053-8119. 60(1), p. 426–435. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.088. Full text in Research Archive
• Singh, Preet Bano; Iannilli, Emilia & Hummel, Thomas (2011). Segregation of gustatory cortex in response to salt and umami taste studied through event-related potentials. NeuroReport. ISSN 0959-4965. 22(6), p. 299–303. doi: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e32834601e8. Full text in Research Archive
• Raliou, Mariam; Grauso, M; Hoffmann, B; Schlegel-le-Poupon, Claire; Nespoulous, Claude & Débat, Hélène [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2011). Human genetic polymorphisms in T1R1 and T1R3 taste receptor subunits affect their function. Chemical Senses. ISSN 0379-864X. 36(6), p. 527–537. Full text in Research Archive
• Singh, Preet Bano; Schuster, B. & Seo, H-S. (2010). Variation in umami taste perception in the German and Norwegian population. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. ISSN 0954-3007. 64(10), p. 1248–1250. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.133. Full text in Research Archive
• Torp, Reidun; Singh, Preet Bano; Sørensen, Dag Reidar; Dietrichs, Espen & Hirschberg, Henry (2006). Vekstfaktorer som nevroprotektiv behandling ved Parkinsons sykdom? Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (Tidsskriftet). ISSN 0029-2001. 126(7), p. 899–901. Full text in Research Archive
• Aas, Jørn A; Magnus, Per; Skaare, Anne B; Singh, Preet Bano & Olsen, Ingar (2006). Tannhelsestudien for påvisning av genetisk disposisjon for sykdommer i munnhulen. Den norske tannlegeforenings Tidende. ISSN 0029-2303. 116(15), p. 990–993. Full text in Research Archive

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• Singh, Preet Bano; Nazar, Mahnoor; Rogn, Åsmund & Iversen, Per Ole (2024). Dental caries and other oral complications in patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Full text in Research Archive
• Rogn, Åsmund; Jensen, Janicke Liaaen; Iversen, Per Ole & Singh, Preet Bano (2024). Correction to: Post-COVID-19 patients suffer from chemosensory, trigeminal, and salivary dysfunctions (Scientific Reports, (2024), 14, 1, (3455), 10.1038/s41598-024-53919-y). Scientific Reports. 14(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-59915-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Zaytseva-Zotova, Daria; Singh, Simon; Haideri, Frozan; Elkafas, Nadin Abdelwahab Mohamed Abdou; Bautista, Alejandro Barrantes & Singh, Preet Bano [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Capsaicin-loaded microdroplets for the treatment of burning mouth syndrome. Full text in Research Archive
• Rogn, Åsmund; Jensen, Janicke Cecilie Liaaen & Singh, Preet Bano (2023). Compromised chemosensory, trigeminal and salivary function in Long-COVID patients. Full text in Research Archive
• Singh, Preet Bano; Rogn, Åsmund & Jensen, Janicke Cecilie Liaaen (2023). Management of chemosensory, trigeminal and salivary dysfunction in Long-COVID patients. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjørkeng, Astrid Skiftesvik; Singh, Preet Bano & Tuft, Mia (2022). Podkast: Hjernen styrer lukt og smak - Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Korona har herjet med lukt og smakt til millioner av mennesker verden over. Vi har plutselig blitt bevisst sanser vi frem til nå har tatt for gitt. Men hvordan fungerer lukt- og smakssansene våre?  

• Frigaard, Julie Mari; Hynne, Håvard; Randsborg, Karoline; Mellin-Olsen, Tonje; Young, Alix & Rykke, Morten [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2022). Oral health indicators, oral health-related quality of life and nutritional aspects in medicated patients suffering from anxiety, psychosis, and/or depression. Frontiers in Public Health. Full text in Research Archive
• Frigaard, Julie Mari; Hynne, Håvard; Young, Alix; Hove, Lene Hystad; Rykke, Morten & Singh, Preet Bano [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Do medicated psychiatric patients differ from other dry mouth patients? Full text in Research Archive
• Parma, Valentina; Ohla, Kathrin; Veldhuizen, MK; Niv, Masha Y.; Kelly, Christine E. & Bakke, Alyssa J. [Show all 122 contributors for this article] (2021). Erratum: More Than Smell-COVID-19 Is Associated with Severe Impairment of Smell, Taste, and Chemesthesis (Chemical Senses (2020) DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa041). Chemical Senses. ISSN 0379-864X. 46. doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjab050. Full text in Research Archive
• Sødal, Anne Thea Tveit; Singh, Preet Bano; Diep, My Tien & Hove, Lene Hystad (2020). Prevalence of Smell, Taste, Trigeminal Disorders and Quality of Life Among 65-Year-Olds in Oslo. Caries Research. ISSN 0008-6568. 54(4), p. 449–449. doi: 10.1159/000511860. Full text in Research Archive
• Young, Alix; Singh, Preet Bano; Hynne, Håvard; Westergaard, Kristine Løken; Hove, Lene Hystad & Rykke, Morten [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2019). Oral Investigations in Head and Neck Cancer Patients after Radiotherapy. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives: To investigate oral complaints and findings in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients who had received radiotherapy and compare them with controls. Methods: As part of a larger study, 30 HNC patients (14 female, age 64.2±9.6y) and 26 age- and sex-matched controls (13 female, 62.9±12.9y, p=0.850) were examined at the Dry Mouth Clinic, Faculty of Dentistry, Oslo. Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) was assessed using the short form Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14: high score-low OHRQoL). Self-reported dysgeusia (yes/no) and sense of taste (10-point VAS: high score-good smell sense) were recorded. Taste scores were recorded using taste strips (high score-good taste function). Oral candida counts were determined from cheek and tongue swabs (0=no growth, 1=minimal, 2=moderate, 3=severe). Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) in mouth air samples were determined by gas chromatography and related to perceptive threshold-levels (H2S≤112ppb, CH3SH≤26ppb). Between-group comparisons were performed using Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-square test. Results: The HNC patients reported significantly poorer OHRQoL than controls (OHIP sum-score: 18.4±12.4 vs 1.2±2.0, p<0.001). They reported significantly poorer sense of taste compared to controls (6.4±2.4 vs 7.8±1.9, p=0.018), and more often dysgeusia (26.7% vs 7.7%, p=0.087). The measured gustatory scores (20.4±6.4 vs 22.3±4.6, p=0.315) were similar for both groups. Candida scores were significantly higher in the patient group (1.6±1.3 vs 0.7±0.9, p=0.024). The percentage of HNC patients who had oral H2S above the threshold level was significantly lower than for the controls (0% vs 27%, p<0.05). This was not the case for CH3SH (5.5% vs 27%, p=0.105). Conclusion: After radiotherapy, these HNC patients experienced negative oral consequences of the treatment. They reported poorer OHRQoL, and had reduced taste sensation and higher oral candida counts. However, the underlying reason for less problems with halitosis in HNC patients than in controls is worth further exploration.

• Jensen, Janicke Liaaen; Chen, Xiangjun; Hynne, Håvard; Westgaard, Kristine Løken; Hove, Lene Hystad & Young, Alix [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2019). Sjögren’s versus irradiated head-neck cancer patients: oral and ocular investigations. Full text in Research Archive
• Homayouni, Amin; Tashbayev, Behzod; Rusthen, Shermin; Hove, Lene Hystad; Rykke, Morten & Singh, Preet Bano [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2018). Can saliva secretion affect oral malodour and oral health-related quality of life? Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between saliva secretion, halitosis and oral health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Informed consent was obtained from 65 participants including 24 patients with primary Sjögren’s Syndrome (pSS, 53±12y), 17 patients with dry eyes and dry mouth not fulfilling the classification for pSS (non-SS-sicca, 53±11y), and 24 healthy controls (49±11y). Unstimulated (UWS) and stimulated (SWS) whole saliva secretion rates were recorded as low (hyposalivation: SWS <0.7 ml/min, UWS <0.1 ml/min) or normal (SWS >0.7 ml/min, UWS >0.1 ml/min). Volatile sulfur compounds (VSC: hydrogen sulphide-H2S, methylmercaptan-CH3SH) in mouth air were measured by gas chromatography. HRQoL was assessed using the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14). Mann-Whitney test was used in data analysis (p<0.05). In general, for UWS, subjects with hyposalivation had significantly higher mean CH3SH-levels than those with normal salivation (27.339.3 vs 9.913.6 ppb). For SWS, subjects with hyposalivation had significantly higher mean H2S-levels (184.5464.8 vs 43.964.1 ppb) and CH3SH-levels (27.237.4 vs 6.58.9 ppb). Within the non-SS patient group, those with hyposalivation had significantly higher H2S-levels than those with normal salivation. In general, there were no significant differences in OHIP-scores based on VSC levels. However, within the non-SS group, those with high H2S-levels (>112 ppb) reported significantly more often that they had “difficulties relaxing due to oral problems”, and that “life has been less satisfactory due to oral problems”, than those with low H2S-levels (<112 ppb). In conclusion, hyposalivation was generally associated with increased levels of oral VSC, indicating oral malodour. Surprisingly, patients with dry eyes and dry mouth who did not fulfill the classification for pSS seemed to be more affected in their daily life than patients who fulfilled the criteria.

• Langeland, Øystein; Tashbayev, Behzod; Rusthen, Shermin; Young, Alix; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad & Hove, Lene Hystad [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2018). Comparative Ocular and Oral Findings in Sicca Complex. Full text in Research Archive
• Tanem, Kristine Eidal; Wilberg, Petter; STENSVOLD, EINAR; Singh, Preet Bano; Skaare, Anne B & Herlofson, Bente Brokstad (2018). Oral late effects and taste function in long-term survivors after treatment of medulloblastoma and supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor during childhood or adolescence - preliminary results. Full text in Research Archive
• Tashbayev, Behzod; Chen, Xiangjun; Utheim, Øa; Rusthen, Shermin; Young, Alix & Herlofson, Bente Brokstad [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2018). Primary Sjögren´s Syndrome and Non-Sjögren´s Sicca Syndrome Patients; unexpected differences in symptoms and findings of dry eye disease, dry mouth, and oral health related quality of life. Full text in Research Archive
• Singh, Preet Bano (2017). Kan kroppslukter fra pasienter med tannlegeangst påvirke tannlegens kliniske ferdigheter? Full text in Research Archive
• Singh, Preet Bano (2017). Smak og lukt i Odontologi - forekomst av kjemosensoriske forstyrrelser etter tannlegebehandling. Full text in Research Archive
• Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Jensen, Janicke Liaaen & Singh, Preet Bano (2017). Lite spytt, blottlagt bein og vond smak, hva kan det være? Full text in Research Archive
• Singh, Preet Bano; Lind, Synnøve; Leegaard, Cathinka & Parma, Valentina (2017). Applied body odor research in humans:The impact of anxiety chemosignal communication on the performance of dental professionals. Full text in Research Archive
• Singh, Preet Bano (2017). Chemosensory disorders in the elderly. Full text in Research Archive
• Singh, Preet Bano; Rusthen, Shermin; Aqrawi, Lara A.; Young, Alix; Rykke, Morten & Hove, Lene Hystad [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2016). Chemosensory disorders, burning mouth sensation, and halitosis in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome. Full text in Research Archive
• Rusthen, Shermin; Singh, Preet Bano; Young, Alix; Aqrawi, Lara Adnan; Rykke, Morten & Hove, Lene Hystad [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2016). Oral quality of life, salivary, gustatory and olfactory status in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Full text in Research Archive
• Young, Alix; Rusthen, Shermin; Aqrawi, Lara Adnan; Rykke, Morten; Hove, Lene Hystad & Herlofson, Bente Brokstad [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2016). Dental health status of patients diagnosed with primary Sjögren's Syndrome. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This clinical study aims to assess some oral health parameters in patients diagnosed with primary Sjögren’s Syndrome (pSS), and is part of a larger project studying groups of patients suffering from dry mouth. Material and methods: Twenty female pSS patients (mean age 54±12.7y) and 32 healthy controls (mean age 50±12.4y), were recruited to the study and examined at a newly established Dry Mouth Clinic at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, after giving written consent. A questionnaire was filled out and clinical and radiological examinations were performed. Differences between the patient and control groups were calculated using t-test or Chi-squared tests. Results: Approximately 1/3 of patients considered their general and oral health as ‘poor’ or ‘very poor’. No controls considered their general health as ‘poor’ or ‘very poor’, and only 1 control considered their oral health as ‘poor’ or ‘very poor’. Ninety percent of patients and 75% of controls had visited the dentist within the last year. There was no between-group difference in the mean number of teeth present (patients 25.5±2.7; controls 26.1±3.8). The patients had higher mean caries experience: DMFT (patients: 18.0±6.45; controls 12.9±7.26, p=0.014), FT (patients: 15.35±5.77; controls 11.28±6.10, p=0.02), and D3-5T (patients: 0.60±0.94; controls: 0.28±0.58, p=0.136). Visible plaque was observed in 30% of patients and 9.4% of controls (p=0.056). Signs of gingivitis were observed in 25% of patients and 6% of controls (p=0.054). Conclusion: Compared to controls, pSS patients reported poorer general and oral health. They had significantly higher dental caries experience, and a tendency to more plaque and gingivitis. However, the pSS patients reported visiting their dentist more regularly than the controls, suggesting an awareness of the oral consequences of reduced salivary function.

• Singh, Preet Bano (2016). Smak og Lukt i Odontologi. Full text in Research Archive
• Singh, Preet Bano (2016). Oral health, sense of taste and diabetes. Full text in Research Archive
• Hove, Lene Hystad; Aqrawi, Lara Adnan; Rusthen, Shermin; Young, Alix; Rykke, Morten & Herlofson, Bente Brokstad [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2016). Establishment of a Dry Mouth Clinic at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway. Full text in Research Archive
• Singh, Preet Bano (2015). Smaksforstyrrelser: evaluering, diagnostisering og behandling. Full text in Research Archive
• Singh, Preet Bano (2015). Smaksfunksjon: anatomi og fysiologi. Full text in Research Archive
• Singh, Preet Bano (2015). Significance of gustation in Dentistry. Full text in Research Archive
• Gransjøen, Ann Mari; Hummel, Thomas; Schlumberger, Gina; Sinding, Charlotte & Singh, Preet Bano (2014). Cortical thickness in patients With burning mouth syndrome, dysgeusia and healthy subjects. Full text in Research Archive
• Singh, Preet Bano (2013). Making sense of taste. [Journal]. Aviser i India (papir versjon og digital versjon). Full text in Research Archive
• Singh, Preet Bano (2013). Help that gulp ! Full text in Research Archive
• Singh, Preet Bano (2012). Smak. Den norske tannlegeforenings Tidende. ISSN 0029-2303. 122(2), p. 145–145. Full text in Research Archive
• Singh, Preet Bano (2011). Glutamate, one taste from three perspectives: Biochemistry, Psychology and Neurophysiology. Full text in Research Archive
• Singh, Preet Bano (2011). Smaken for umami. [Internet]. Forskning.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Singh, Preet Bano; Iannilli, Emilia; Schuster, Benno; Gerber, Johannes & Hummel, Thomas (2010). Representation of umami and salt taste in the human brain. Full text in Research Archive
• Singh, Preet Bano; Schuster, Benno & Seo, Han-Seok (2009). Individual taste sensitivity to glutamate in the German and Norwegian population. Full text in Research Archive
• Iannilli, Emilia; Singh, Preet Bano & Hummel, Thomas (2009). Representation of umami and salt taste in the human brain. Full text in Research Archive
• Singh, Preet Bano (2011). Making Sense of Taste : Psychophysical, molecular biological and neurophysiological studies of umami taste processing in humans. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Monosodium glutamate elicits a specific umami taste and increases palatability of food. In order to comprehensively study the mechanisms of the taste perception of glutamate, this work compiles results from several research fields namely, psychophysics, molecular biology and neurophysiology.<br> At the perception level, the aim of the study was to explore individual variation in the perception of glutamate in the healthy population. At the cellular level, the question referred to the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) present in the umami taste genes, on taste transduction of glutamate. At the neurophysiological level, the aim was to determine the topographical differences in cortical processing of umami and salt taste by using gustatory event related potentials (ERP). Finally, the laterality of the gustatory pathway was elucidated by using functional brain imaging (fMRI) in humans.<br> Psychophysical screening in the German and Norwegian population verified the existence of “taste-blindness” for umami taste. Through functional assays our results demonstrated that some of the SNPs present in the umami receptor, impaired the function of the receptor. Gustatory ERP recordings showed that there is segregation of brain areas related to umami and salt taste processing. fMRI analysis revealed that salt and umami taste follow different pathways from the taste receptor cells to the gustatory cortex.

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