Lene Hystad Hove

• Diep, My Tien; Hove, Lene Hystad; Ørstavik, Dag Solmund; Skudutyte-Rysstad, Rasa; Sødal, Anne Thea Tveit & Sunde, Pia Titterud (2022). Periapical and endodontic status among 65-year-old Oslo-citizens. BMC Oral Health. ISSN 1472-6831. 22(1). doi: 10.1186/s12903-022-02406-9.
• Sødal, Anne Thea Tveit; Hove, Lene Hystad; Diep, My Tien; Skudutyte-Rysstad, Rasa & Koldsland, Odd Carsten (2022). Periodontal conditions in a 65-year-old population and prevalence of periodontitis according to three different bone level thresholds. BMC Oral Health. ISSN 1472-6831. 22(1). doi: 10.1186/s12903-022-02276-1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hynne, Håvard; Tashbayev, Behzod; Diep, My Tien; Sødal, Anne Thea Tveit; Badian, Reza A. & Chen, Xiangjun [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). The relationship between ocular and oral dryness in a cohort from the 65-year-old population in Norway. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 12(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-13985-6. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Chen, Xiangjun; Badian, Reza; Hynne, Håvard; Tashbayev, Behzod; Hove, Lene Hystad & Jensen, Janicke Liaaen [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Morphology of Meibomian Glands in A 65‐Year‐Old Norwegian Population without Dry Eye Disease. Journal of Clinical Medicine. ISSN 2077-0383. 11(3). doi: 10.3390/jcm11030527.
• Høvik, Hedda; Kolberg, Marit; Gjøra, Linda; Nymoen, Line Cathrine; Skudutyte-Rysstad, Rasa & Hove, Lene Hystad [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). The validity of self-reported number of teeth and edentulousness among Norwegian older adults, the HUNT Study. BMC Oral Health. ISSN 1472-6831. 22(1). doi: 10.1186/s12903-022-02116-2.
• Young, Alix; Hove, Lene Hystad; Stevning, Karen; Løvik, Sara-Emilie & Hjortsjö, Carl (2021). Kan tannpasta gjøre tennene mer sårbare? En in vitro pilotstudie om endring i fukting av emalje uttrykt ved kontaktvinkelmålinger. Den norske tannlegeforenings tidende. ISSN 0029-2303. 131(9), s. 796–801.
• Svensberg, K.; Kalleberg, Birgitte Grøstad; Rosvold, E.O.; Mathiesen, Liv; Wøien, H. & Hove, L.H. [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Interprofessional education on complex patients in nursing homes: a focus group study. BMC Medical Education. ISSN 1472-6920. 21(1). doi: 10.1186/s12909-021-02867-6. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sødal, Anne Thea Tveit; Singh, Preet Bano; Skudutyte-Rysstad, Rasa; Diep, My Tien & Hove, Lene Hystad (2021). Smell, taste and trigeminal disorders in a 65-year-old population. BMC Geriatrics. ISSN 1471-2318. doi: 10.1186/s12877-021-02242-6. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Westgaard, Kristine Løken; Hynne, Håvard; Amdal, Cecilie Delphin; Young, Alix; Singh, Preet Bano & Chen, Xiangjun [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Oral and ocular late effects in head and neck cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 11:4026, s. 1–11. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83635-w. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Diep, My Tien; Jensen, Janicke Liaaen; Skudutyte-Rysstad, Rasa; Young, Alix; Sødal, Anne Thea Tveit & Petrovski, Beata [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Xerostomia and hyposalivation among a 65-yr-old population living in Oslo, Norway. European Journal of Oral Sciences. ISSN 0909-8836. 129(1), s. 1–11. doi: 10.1111/eos.12757. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Monsen, Ragnhild Elisabeth; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Gay, Caryl; Fjeld, Katrine Gahre; Hove, Lene Hystad & Malterud, Karl Egil [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). A mouth rinse based on a tea solution of Salvia officinalis for oral discomfort in palliative cancer care: A randomized controlled trial. Supportive Care in Cancer. ISSN 0941-4355. doi: 10.1007/s00520-021-06021-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Few clinical studies evaluate interventions to reduce oral discomfort among patients in palliative care. Aim: This study examines the efficacy of a Salvia officinalis (SO) based herbal mouth rinse compared to conventional normal saline (NS) in order to improve oral health. Design: A block-randomized controlled trial. Data were collected before and after a 4-day intervention with either SO (n=44) or NS (n=44). Numerical rating scales (NRS, 0-10) and 12 items from the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire-Oral Health 17 (EORTC QLQ-OH17) measured patient-reported oral symptoms. An oral examination was performed before and after the intervention. Setting/participants: This study included adult patients with late-stage cancer in an inpatient hospice unit. Results: Of the 88 patients included (mean age=63.9 years, SD=10.6), 73 (83%) completed the study. At baseline, 78% reported dry mouth on the EORTC QLQ-OH17, and 80% rated dry mouth ≥4 on the NRS. Total oral health scores based on the 12 EORTC QLQ-OH17 items improved similarly in both groups (p

• Aqrawi, Lara A.; Chen, Xiangjun; Hynne, Håvard; Amdal, Cecilie Delphin; Reppe, Sjur & Aass, Hans Christian Dalsbotten [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Cytokines Explored in Saliva and Tears from Radiated Cancer Patients Correlate with Clinical Manifestations, Influencing Important Immunoregulatory Cellular Pathways. Cells. ISSN 2073-4409. 9(9). doi: 10.3390/cells9092050. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tashbayev, Behzod; Garen, Torhild Oddveig; Palm, Øyvind; Chen, Xiangjun; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad & Young Vik, Alix Rosslyn [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Patients with non-Sjögren's sicca report poorer general and oral health-related quality of life than patients with Sjögren's syndrome: a cross-sectional study. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-59078-0. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Chen, Xiangjun; Aqrawi, Lara Adnan; Utheim, Tor Paaske; Tashbayev, Behzod; Utheim, Øygunn Aass & Reppe, Sjur [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Elevated cytokine levels in tears and saliva of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome correlate with clinical ocular and oral manifestations. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 9(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43714-5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Singh, Preet Bano; Young, Alix; Homayouni, Amin; Hove, Lene Hystad; Petrovski, Beata & Herlofson, Bente Brokstad [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Distorted Taste and Impaired Oral Health May Affect Nutritional Status in Patients with Sicca Complaints. Nutrients. ISSN 2072-6643. 11(2). doi: 10.3390/nu11020264. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Diep, My Tien; Sødal, Anne T. Tveit; Skudutyte-Rysstad, Rasa & Hove, Lene Hystad (2018). Rutiner for oral helse på sykehjem: En undersøkelse blant sykehjemsledere . Den norske tannlegeforenings tidende. ISSN 0029-2303. 118(9), s. 694–699.
• Nesvold, Marianne Bakke; Jensen, Janicke Liaaen; Hove, Lene Hystad; Singh, Preet Bano; Young, Alix & Palm, Øyvind [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Dietary intake, body composition and oral health parameters among female patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Nutrients. ISSN 2072-6643. 10:866(7), s. 1–12. doi: 10.3390/nu10070866. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tashbayev, Behzod; Rusthen, Shermin; Young, Alix; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Hove, Lene Hystad & Singh, Preet Bano [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Interdisciplinary, comprehensive oral and ocular evaluation of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 7:10761, s. 1–9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10809-w. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rusthen, Shermin; Young, Alix; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Aqrawi, Lara Adnan; Rykke, Morten & Hove, Lene Hystad [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Oral disorders and oral health-related quality of life in patients with primary Sjögren’s Syndrome. European Journal of Oral Sciences. ISSN 0909-8836. 125(4), s. 265–271. doi: 10.1111/eos.12358. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Katrine Gahre; Eide, Hilde; Mowe, Morten; Hove, Lene Hystad & Willumsen, Tiril (2017). Dental hygiene registration: development, and reliability and validity testing of an assessment scale designed for nurses in institutions. Journal of Clinical Nursing (JCN). ISSN 0962-1067. 26(13-14), s. 1845–1853. doi: 10.1111/jocn.13452. Vis sammendrag

  Abstract Aims and Objectives To develop and test the Dental Hygiene Registration (DHR), a dental hygiene assessment scale for nurses working in institutions. Background Removal of dental plaque is a key factor in preventing oral health related diseases. A simple, but reliable dental hygiene assessment scale that enables nurses to monitor residents’ dental hygiene on a daily basis, will improve monitoring oral hygiene status and quality of dental health care. Design Descriptive study on the development and evaluation of a dental hygiene registration instrument. Methods The DHR was developed and tested over several stages during the period of 2011–2014. DHR consists of a five-point-plaque score scale. The score indicates whether measures are needed. A reference group comprising both medical and dental personnel designed DHR. Dental plaque was used as a measure of dental hygiene. A pictorial series of teeth with varying amounts of plaque was used to achieve intra-examiner agreement. DHR assessments were scored fifty times to assess inter-examiner reliability between one dental hygienist and one clinical nurse. DHR was validated against the plaque index score of the Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S). The Regional Ethics Committee approved the study (2011/915). Results Estimates for intra-examiner agreement on plaque score were good for the dental hygienist (kappa=0.7) and very good for the clinical nurse (kappa=0.8). Estimates for inter-examiner reliability for DHR between the dental hygienist and the clinical nurse was moderate (kappa=0.4). DHR corresponded significantly with OHI-S (Spearman's correlation coefficient=0.8, p<0.001) indicating good validity. Conclusion The developed DHR appears to be reliable and valid. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

• Hove, Lene Hystad; Stenhagen, Kjersti Refsholt; Mulic, Aida; Holme, Børge & Tveit, Anne Bjørg (2015). May caries-preventive fluoride regimes have an effect on dental erosive wear? An in situ study. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6357. 73(2), s. 114–120. doi: 10.3109/00016357.2014.956146. Vis sammendrag

  Objective. High and low concentration NaF regimes have shown caries protective properties, but the preventive effect against erosive/abrasive wear is unclear. Aim. To measure the inhibiting effect on enamel wear of low and highly concentrated sodium fluoride (NaF) toothpastes and a stannous (SnF2) fluoride gel in a single-blind, randomized in situ study, using a White Light Interferometer. Materials and methods. Sixteen human molars were each divided into four specimens, mounted on acrylic mouth appliances and worn by eight volunteers for 9 days. Experimental procedures were performed in the laboratory. The enamel specimens were brushed every day with fluoride-free toothpaste. Treatments; group 1: no fluoride treatment (control), group 2: SnF2 gel 2500 ppm F (5 min) every third day, group 3: NaF toothpaste 5000 ppm F 5 min every third day and 2 min the other days, group 4: NaF toothpaste 1450 ppm F (2 min) every day. In order to mimic gastric reflux/vomiting, the specimens were etched with 0.01 M HCl for 2 min twice a day. Results. The mean step height (µm) for the control specimens was −32.9 (SD = 6.8). The mean values for the other groups were −22.2 (SD = 8.4) (group 2), −30.8 (SD = 7.8) (group 3) and −31.4 (SD = 7.7) (group 4). Compared with the control, the SnF2 treated specimens showed significantly lower wear. The NaF toothpastes gave no significant protective effect. Conclusions. Application of SnF2 gel every third day gave protection against erosive–abrasive challenges. Daily application of both low concentration and high concentration NaF toothpaste provided no protection.

• Austin, Rupert; Stenhagen, Kjersti Refsholt; Hove, Lene Hystad; Tveit, Anne Bjørg; Moazzez, Rebecca & Bartlett, David (2014). The effect of single-application fluoride treatment on simulated gastric erosion and erosion-abrasion of enamel in vitro. International Journal of Prosthodontics. ISSN 0893-2174. 27(5), s. 425–426. doi: 10.11607/ijp.3956.
• Hove, Lene Hystad; Stenhagen, Kjersti Refsholt; Holme, Børge & Tveit, Anne Bjørg (2014). The protective effect of SnF2 containing toothpastes and solution on enamel surfaces subjected to erosion and abrasion in situ. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry. ISSN 1818-6300. 15(4), s. 237–243. doi: 10.1007/s40368-013-0107-7. Vis sammendrag

  Background: Stannous fluoride solutions have shown promising protective effect against erosion/abrasion, but the effect of SnF2 toothpastes is uncertain. Aim: The aim of the study was to test the inhibiting effect of two SnF2 toothpastes and a SnF2 solution against erosive/abrasive wear in a single-blind, randomised in situ study, using a white light interferometer. Methods: Sixteen human molars were each divided into four specimens, mounted on mouth appliances and worn by 8 volunteers for 9 days. Specimens were brushed with toothpaste twice each day for 30 s either with fluoride-free toothpaste or toothpastes including SnF2. Toothpaste was left on the surface for 90 additional seconds. Group 1, fluoride-free toothpaste; Group 2, toothpaste A (0.4 % SnF2, Solidox); Group 3, toothpaste B (0.454 % SnF2, Oral-B®); Group 4, brushed with fluoride-free toothpaste (30 s) and treated for 2 min with a 0.4 % SnF2 solution (1,000 ppm F). To mimic gastric reflux/vomit, specimens were etched for 2 min twice a day (0.01 M HCl). Procedures were performed extra-orally. Results: The mean enamel wear (in μm) for the control specimens was: −29.2 ± SD 10.5; for group 2 −14.5 SD ± 9.3; for group 3 −33.3 SD ± 7.4, and for group 4 +0.4 SD ± 1.3. The specimens treated with SnF2 solution and toothpaste A showed significantly lower enamel wear than the control group. Toothpaste B gave no significant reduction in enamel wear. Conclusions: The SnF2 solution fully protected the enamel surface against erosive and abrasive challenges. The SnF2 toothpaste A (Solidox) showed less, but significant protection of the enamel, while no statistically significant protection was demonstrated by SnF2 toothpaste B (Oral-B® Pro-Expert).

• Stenhagen, Kjersti Refsholt; Hove, Lene Hystad; Holme, Børge & Tveit, Anne Bjørg (2013). The Effect of Daily Fluoride Mouth Rinsing on Enamel Erosive/Abrasive Wear in situ. Caries Research. ISSN 0008-6568. 47(1), s. 2–8. doi: 10.1159/000342619. Vis sammendrag

  It is not known whether application of fluoride agents on enamel results in lasting resistance to erosive/abrasive wear. We investigated if one daily mouth rinse with sodium fluoride (NaF), stannous fluoride (SnF(2)) or titanium tetrafluoride (TiF(4)) solutions protected enamel against erosive/abrasive wear in situ (a paired, randomised and blind study). Sixteen molars were cut into 4 specimens, each with one amalgam filling (measurement reference surface). Two teeth (2 × 4 specimens) were mounted bilaterally (buccal aspects) on acrylic mandibular appliances and worn for 9 days by 8 volunteers. Every morning, the specimens were brushed manually with water (30 s) extra-orally. Then fluoride solutions (0.4% SnF(2) pH 2.5; 0.15% TiF(4) pH 2.1; 0.2% NaF pH 6.5, all 0.05 M F) were applied (2 min). Three of the specimens from each tooth got different treatment, and the fourth served as control. At midday, the specimens were etched for 2 min in 300 ml fresh 0.01 M hydrochloric acid and rinsed in tap water. This etch procedure was repeated in the afternoon. Topographic measurements were performed by a white-light interferometer. Mean surface loss (±SD) for 16 teeth after 9 days was: SnF(2) 1.8 ± 1.9 µm, TiF(4) 3.1 ± 4.8 µm, NaF 26.3 ± 4.7 µm, control 32.3 ± 4.4 µm. Daily rinse with SnF(2), TiF(4) and NaF resulted in 94, 90 and 18% reduction in enamel erosive/abrasive wear, respectively, compared with control (p < 0.05). The superior protective effect of daily rinse with either stannous or titanium tetrafluoride solutions on erosive/abrasive enamel wear is promising.

• Stenhagen, Kjersti Refsholt; Hove, Lene Hystad; Holme, Børge & Tveit, Anne Bjørg (2013). Enamel erosion depths measured on impressions by a white light interferometer. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6357. 71(3-4), s. 398–403. doi: 10.3109/00016357.2012.690527. Vis sammendrag

  Abstract Objective. To investigate if measurements of the step heights on an impression of eroded enamel surfaces may give reliable values of the etching depths measured directly on the enamel. Materials and methods. Twelve human enamel specimens, with one circular amalgam reference surface in each, were mounted on an epoxy block and ground flat. Baseline images were taken by a White Light Interferometer (WLI) followed by 12 min etch by 0.01 M HCl, pH 2.2. The mean etch depth on each specimen was calculated from three repeated measurements, both on the specimen surfaces and on the silicone polymer impressions of the surfaces. Paired samples t-test was used when comparing the precision of measurements on enamel vs on impression. Results. The mean lesion depths after 12 min etch measured on the 12 enamel surfaces and impressions were 9.9 µm and 10.6 µm, respectively. The direct and indirect measurements correlated well (r (2) = 0.95), with 7% higher mean etch depth measured on the impressions (p < 0.05). The reliability of three repeated measurements on enamel and impressions expressed by Intra Class Correlation (ICC) were 0.98 and 0.99, respectively. The average relative precisions of three repeated measurements on the 12 tooth and impression surfaces were (0.5 ± 0.1)% and (0.1 ± 0.02)%, respectively (p < 0.05). The accuracies were 0.4% and 7%, respectively. Conclusion. WLI gave reliable but slightly higher etch depth measurements on impressions compared to enamel surfaces.

• Hove, Lene Hystad; Mulic, Aida; Tveit, Anne Bjørg; Stenhagen, Kjersti; Skaare, Anne B & Espelid, Ivar (2013). Registration of dental erosive wear on study models and intra-oral photographs. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry. ISSN 1818-6300. 14(1). doi: 10.1007/s40368-012-0004-5.
• Austin, Rupert; Stenhagen, Kjersti Refsholt; Hove, Lene Hystad; Dunne, Stephen; Moazzez, Rebecca & Bartlett, David [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2011). A qualitative and quantitative investigation into the effect of fluoride formulations on enamel erosion and erosion-abrasion in vitro. Journal of Dentistry. ISSN 0300-5712. 39(10), s. 648–655. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2011.07.006.
• Hove, Lene Hystad; Holme, Børge; Stenhagen, Kjersti Refsholt & Tveit, Anne Bjørg (2011). Protective effect of TiF(4) solutions with different concentrations and pH on development of erosion-like lesions. Caries Research. ISSN 0008-6568. 45(1), s. 64–68. doi: 10.1159/000324155.
• Mulic, Aida; Tveit, Anne Bjørg; Hove, Lene Hystad & Skaare, Anne B (2011). Dental erosive wear among Norwegian wine tasters. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6357. 69(1), s. 21–26. doi: 10.3109/00016357.2010.517554.
• Mulic, Aida; Tveit, Anne Bjørg; Hove, Lene Hystad & Skaare, Anne B (2010). Dental erosive wear among Norwegian winetasters. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6357. 69(1), s. 21–26. doi: 10.3109/00016357.2010.517554.
• Mulic, Aida; Tveit, Anne Bjørg; Wang, Nina Johanne; Hove, Lene Hystad; Espelid, Ivar & Skaare, Anne B (2010). Reliability of Two Clinical Scoring Systems for Dental Erosive Wear. Caries Research. ISSN 0008-6568. 44(3), s. 294–299. doi: 10.1159/000314811.
• Stenhagen, Kjersti Refsholt; Hove, Lene Hystad; Holme, Børge; Taxt-Lamolle, Sebastien Francis Michel & Tveit, Anne Bjørg (2010). Comparing Different Methods to Assess Erosive Lesion Depths and Progression in vitro. Caries Research. ISSN 0008-6568. 44(6), s. 555–561. doi: 10.1159/000321536.
• Hove, Lene Hystad; Holme, Børge; Young, Alix & Tveit, Anne Bjørg (2008). The protective effect of TiF4, SnF2 and NaF against erosion-like lesions in situ. Caries Research. ISSN 0008-6568. 42. doi: 10.1159/000112816.
• Hove, Lene Hystad; Young, Alix & Tveit, Anne Bjørg (2007). An in vitro study on the effect of TiF4 treatment against erosion by hydrochloric acid on pellicle-covered enamel. Caries Research. ISSN 0008-6568. 41(1), s. 80–84. doi: 10.1159/000096111.
• Hove, Lene Hystad; Holme, Børge; Young, Alix & Tveit, Anne Bjørg (2007). The erosion-inhibiting effect of TiF4, SnF2, and NaF solutions on pellicle-covered enamel in vitro. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6357. 65(5), s. 259–264. doi: 10.1080/00016350701477581.
• Hove, Lene Hystad; Holme, Børge; Tveit, Anne Bjørg; Willumsen, Tiril & Øgaard, Bjørn (2006). The protective effect of TiF4, SnF2 and NaF on erosion of enamel by hydrochloric acid in vitro measured by white light interferometry. Caries Research. ISSN 0008-6568. 40, s. 440–443. doi: 10.1159/000094291.
• Holme, Børge; Hove, Lene Hystad & Tveit, Anne Bjørg (2005). Holme B, Hove L, Tveit AB: Using White Light Interferometry to measure etching of dental enamel. Measurement (London). ISSN 0263-2241. s. 137–147.

Se alle arbeider i Cristin

• Frigaard, Julie Mari; Hynne, Håvard; Randsborg, Karoline; Mellin-Olsen, Tonje; Young, Alix & Rykke, Morten [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Oral health indicators, oral health-related quality of life and nutritional aspects in medicated patients suffering from anxiety, psychosis, and/or depression. Frontiers in Public Health. ISSN 2296-2565.
• Frigaard, Julie Mari; Hynne, Håvard; Young, Alix; Hove, Lene Hystad; Rykke, Morten & Singh, Preet Bano [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Do medicated psychiatric patients differ from other dry mouth patients? .
• Monsen, Ragnhild Elisabeth; Kristoffersen, Anne Karin; Gay, Caryl; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Fjeld, Katrine Gahre & Hove, Lene Hystad [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Orale soppinfeksjoner - mer enn Candida albicans: mikrobiologiske analyser av prøver fra alvorlig syke pasienter med kreft . Vis sammendrag

  Bakgrunn Pasienter med alvorlig kreftsykdom er utsatte for orale soppinfeksjoner, grunnet sykdommen, kreftbehandling og/eller svekket immunforsvar. Orale soppinfeksjon påvirker pasienters matlyst, ernæringstilstand og livskvalitet. Candida albicans er en vanlig soppart i munnhulen, men forekomst av non-albicans Candida-arter, og i kombinasjon med C. albicans, er økende. Artene har varierende toleranse for antimykotiske midler, det kan gi behandlingsutfordringer. Hensikten med studien var å identifisere og resistensteste Candida sopparter i munnhulen til alvorlig syke pasienter med kreft. Metode Sopprøver tatt under studien Oral Health in Advanced Cancer i perioden 2014 – 2016, ble analysert høsten 2020. Pasientprøvene ble re-dyrket ved Institutt for oral biologi, Universitetet i Oslo. Soppartene ble identifisert biokjemisk og ved DNA sekvensering, og resistenstestet for antimykotiske legemidler: fluconazole, amphotericin B, anidulafungin og nystatin. Resultat Vi analyserte totalt 56 isolater fra 45 pasienter og identifiserte syv Candida arter og en Saccharomyces. Til sammen hadde 36 pasienter oppvekst av én soppart, og 9 pasienter hadde 2 til 3 ulike sopparter i munnhulen. Av C. albicans artene var 39 av 40 følsomme for fluconazole. To Candida parapsilosis og en Candida tropicalis var resistent mot anidulafungin. En C. tropicalis var resistent mot anidulafungin. En Candida glabrata var resistent mot fluconazole. Konklusjon Studien viste at forskjellige Candida arter forekommer både i monoinfeksjoner og blandingsinfeksjoner. C. albicans var dominerende med høy følsomhet for antimykotiske midler. Blandingsinfeksjoner kan komplisere behandlingen og forårsake gjentagende infeksjoner. Mikrobiologiske prøver og analyser med identifisering og resistenstesting, bør være en del av utredningen hos pasienter med alvorlig og tilbakevendende orale soppinfeksjoner.

• Monsen, Ragnhild Elisabeth; Kristoffersen, Anne Karin; Gay, Caryl; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Fjeld, Katrine Gahre & Hove, Lene Hystad [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Oral candidiasis in advanced cancer – identification and susceptibility testing of detected Candida species. Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: Candida albicans is the most common fungal species in the oral cavity. Increased prevalence of non-C. albicans are detected, and co-infection with C. albicans may have implications for treatment, due to antifungal resistance. The aim of the study was to assess the diversity and susceptibility of oral yeasts in patients with advanced cancer. Methods: Clinical fungal isolates were sampled in 2014-2016 from 45 patients in a hospice unit. Totally 56 isolates were grown on chromID Candida plates, prepared for biochemical identification, and controlled with DNA sequencing. E-test was performed with the antifungal agents fluconazole, amphotericin B, anidulafungin and nystatin were tested. Results: A total of 56 isolates were identified. Candida species was dominated by C. albicans at 71%, followed by C. glabrata 9%, C. parapsilosis 5%, C. tropicalis 4%, C. krusei 2%, C. guilliermondii 2% and C. dubliniesis 2%. Nine patients had 2-3 different species. C. albicans strains were susceptible to fluconazole in 97.5%. One C. parapsilosis and one C. tropicalis strain were resistant to anidulafungin. One C. glabrata was resistant to fluconazole and another was just below the threshold for resistance. The sequencing confirmed the biochemical identification. Conclusion: C. albicans was the most prevalent species. Variation in susceptibility was observed in patients with mixed colonies. Combinations of Candida species and the lack of identification and susceptibility testing may lead to inadequate treatment.

• Monsen, Ragnhild Elisabeth; Kristoffersen, Anne Karin; Gay, Caryl; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Fjeld, Katrine Gahre & Hove, Lene Hystad [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Identification and susceptibility testing of oral candidiasis in advanced cancer patients – an important diagnostic tool. Vis sammendrag

  Background: Candida albicans is the most common fungal species detected in the oral cavity. Studies of oral fungal samples have shown an increased prevalence of non-C. albicans species in mixed infection with C. albicans. Non-C. albicans and C. albicans are associated with varying degrees of resistance to azole. This may have implications for treatment, due to acquired antifungal resistance. Aims: To assess the diversity and susceptibility of detected Candida species in the oral cavity in patients with advanced cancer. Methods: Clinical fungal isolates sampled in 2014-2016 from 45 patients in a hospice unit were analyzed. A total of 56 isolates were grown on chromID Candida plates. After phenotypic identification by colour of the colonies, one single colony of each species was re-cultivated and prepared for identification on a VITEK2® system. Susceptibility testing with E-test was performed on RPMI agar, and the antifungal agents fluconazole, amphotericin B, anidulafungin and nystatin were tested. Results: A total of 56 Candida isolates were identified. The diversity of Candida species was dominated by C. albicans at 89%, followed by C. glabrata 11%, C. parapsilosis 7%, C. tropicalis 4%, C. krusei 2%, C. guilliermondii 2% and C. dubliniesis 2%. Thirty-six patients had monoculture, and nine patients had 2-3 different species detected. Almost all C. albicans strains (97.5%) were susceptible to fluconazole. One C. parapsilosis and one C. tropicalis strain were resistant to anidulafungin. One C. glabrata was resistant to fluconazole and another was just below the threshold for resistance. Conclusion: C. albicans was the most prevalent Candida species in our sample. Variation in susceptibility was observed in patients with both C. albicans and C. glabrata. Combinations of Candida species and the lack of identification and susceptibility testing may lead to inadequate treatment and accelerate the development of resistance.

• Fjeld, Katrine Gahre; Hove, Lene Hystad; Shamsolebad, Hoda & Kroglund, Sara (2021). Individuell munnstellboks kan hjelpe eldre med den orale hygienen. . Sykepleien.no.
• Hynne, Håvard; Aqrawi, Lara A.; Chen, Xiangjun; Amdal, Cecilie Delphin; Reppe, Sjur & Aass, Hans Christian Dalsbotten [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Cytokine profiling, clinical oral and ocular manifestations post radiotherapy .
• Young, Alix; Jensen, Janicke Liaaen; Hove, Lene Hystad; Fjeld, Katrine Gahre & Blich, Carl Christian (2021). Et smil uten smerter? Dagens medisin. ISSN 1501-4290.
• Diep, My Tien; Jensen, Janicke Liaaen; Sødal, Anne Thea Tveit; Young, Alix; Skudutyte-Rysstad, Rasa & Hove, Lene Hystad (2020). Are Xerostomia and Hyposalivation Common Problems Among 65-Year-Olds? Caries Research. ISSN 0008-6568. 54(4), s. 449–450. doi: 10.1159/000511860.
• Sødal, Anne Thea Tveit; Singh, Preet Bano; Diep, My Tien & Hove, Lene Hystad (2020). Prevalence of Smell, Taste, Trigeminal Disorders and Quality of Life Among 65-Year-Olds in Oslo. Caries Research. ISSN 0008-6568. 54(4), s. 449–449. doi: 10.1159/000511860.
• Jensen, Janicke Liaaen; Chen, Xiangjun; Hynne, Håvard; Westgaard, Kristine Løken; Hove, Lene Hystad & Young, Alix [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Sjögren’s versus irradiated head-neck cancer patients: oral and ocular investigations.
• Hynne, Håvard; Westgaard, Kristine Løken; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Amdal, Cecilie Delphin; Hove, Lene Hystad & Young, Alix [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Oral and Ocular Findings in Radiated Head-and Neck Cancer Patients.
• Young, Alix; Singh, Preet Bano; Hynne, Håvard; Løken Westergaard, Kristine; Hove, Lene Hystad & Rykke, Morten [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Oral Investigations in Head and Neck Cancer Patients after Radiotherapy. Vis sammendrag

  Objectives: To investigate oral complaints and findings in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients who had received radiotherapy and compare them with controls. Methods: As part of a larger study, 30 HNC patients (14 female, age 64.2±9.6y) and 26 age- and sex-matched controls (13 female, 62.9±12.9y, p=0.850) were examined at the Dry Mouth Clinic, Faculty of Dentistry, Oslo. Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) was assessed using the short form Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14: high score-low OHRQoL). Self-reported dysgeusia (yes/no) and sense of taste (10-point VAS: high score-good smell sense) were recorded. Taste scores were recorded using taste strips (high score-good taste function). Oral candida counts were determined from cheek and tongue swabs (0=no growth, 1=minimal, 2=moderate, 3=severe). Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) in mouth air samples were determined by gas chromatography and related to perceptive threshold-levels (H2S≤112ppb, CH3SH≤26ppb). Between-group comparisons were performed using Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-square test. Results: The HNC patients reported significantly poorer OHRQoL than controls (OHIP sum-score: 18.4±12.4 vs 1.2±2.0, p<0.001). They reported significantly poorer sense of taste compared to controls (6.4±2.4 vs 7.8±1.9, p=0.018), and more often dysgeusia (26.7% vs 7.7%, p=0.087). The measured gustatory scores (20.4±6.4 vs 22.3±4.6, p=0.315) were similar for both groups. Candida scores were significantly higher in the patient group (1.6±1.3 vs 0.7±0.9, p=0.024). The percentage of HNC patients who had oral H2S above the threshold level was significantly lower than for the controls (0% vs 27%, p<0.05). This was not the case for CH3SH (5.5% vs 27%, p=0.105). Conclusion: After radiotherapy, these HNC patients experienced negative oral consequences of the treatment. They reported poorer OHRQoL, and had reduced taste sensation and higher oral candida counts. However, the underlying reason for less problems with halitosis in HNC patients than in controls is worth further exploration.

• Jensen, Janicke Liaaen & Hove, Lene Hystad (2019). Eldres munnhelse: La oss fortelle historien om Berit.
• Monsen, Ragnhild Elisabeth; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Gay, Caryl; Fjeld, Katrine Gahre; Hove, Lene Hystad & Saghaug, Elisabeth [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). A comparison of normal saline mouth rinse and mouth rinse based on Salvia officinalis in palliative care: A randomized controlled trial.
• Fjeld, Katrine Gahre; Hove, Lene Hystad; Bargbidi, Mitra; Abrahamsen, Siren & Heggestad, Anne Kari Tolo (2019). Eldre som ikke koopererer-etiske aspekter. Aktuell Nordisk odontologi. ISSN 1902-3545.
• Rosvold, Elin Olaug; Svensberg, Karin; Kalleberg, Birgitte; Mathiesen, Liv; Hellesø, Ragnhild & Hove, Lene Hystad (2018). SamPraks Research Project at UiO.
• Homayouni, Amin; Tashbayev, Behzod; Rusthen, Shermin; Hove, Lene Hystad; Rykke, Morten & Singh, Preet Bano [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Can saliva secretion affect oral malodour and oral health-related quality of life? Vis sammendrag

  The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between saliva secretion, halitosis and oral health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Informed consent was obtained from 65 participants including 24 patients with primary Sjögren’s Syndrome (pSS, 53±12y), 17 patients with dry eyes and dry mouth not fulfilling the classification for pSS (non-SS-sicca, 53±11y), and 24 healthy controls (49±11y). Unstimulated (UWS) and stimulated (SWS) whole saliva secretion rates were recorded as low (hyposalivation: SWS <0.7 ml/min, UWS <0.1 ml/min) or normal (SWS >0.7 ml/min, UWS >0.1 ml/min). Volatile sulfur compounds (VSC: hydrogen sulphide-H2S, methylmercaptan-CH3SH) in mouth air were measured by gas chromatography. HRQoL was assessed using the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14). Mann-Whitney test was used in data analysis (p<0.05). In general, for UWS, subjects with hyposalivation had significantly higher mean CH3SH-levels than those with normal salivation (27.339.3 vs 9.913.6 ppb). For SWS, subjects with hyposalivation had significantly higher mean H2S-levels (184.5464.8 vs 43.964.1 ppb) and CH3SH-levels (27.237.4 vs 6.58.9 ppb). Within the non-SS patient group, those with hyposalivation had significantly higher H2S-levels than those with normal salivation. In general, there were no significant differences in OHIP-scores based on VSC levels. However, within the non-SS group, those with high H2S-levels (>112 ppb) reported significantly more often that they had “difficulties relaxing due to oral problems”, and that “life has been less satisfactory due to oral problems”, than those with low H2S-levels (<112 ppb). In conclusion, hyposalivation was generally associated with increased levels of oral VSC, indicating oral malodour. Surprisingly, patients with dry eyes and dry mouth who did not fulfill the classification for pSS seemed to be more affected in their daily life than patients who fulfilled the criteria.

• Monsen, Ragnhild Elisabeth; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Gay, Caryl; Saghaug, Elisabeth; Tollisen, Anita & Fjeld, Katrine Gahre [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Rekruttering av pasienter til en klinisk intervensjonsstudie i et Hospice.
• Langeland, Øystein; Tashbayev, Behzod; Rusthen, Shermin; Young, Alix; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad & Hove, Lene Hystad [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Comparative Ocular and Oral Findings in Sicca Complex.
• Hynne, Håvard; Tashbayev, Behzod; Young, Alix; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Hove, Lene Hystad & Rykke, Morten [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Evaluation of Dry Eye Disease, Oral Dryness and Inflammatory Cytokines in Primary Sjögren´s Syndrome.
• Tashbayev, Behzod; Chen, Xiangjun; Utheim, Øa; Rusthen, Shermin; Young, Alix & Herlofson, Bente Brokstad [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Primary Sjögren´s Syndrome and Non-Sjögren´s Sicca Syndrome Patients; unexpected differences in symptoms and findings of dry eye disease, dry mouth, and oral health related quality of life .
• Jensen, Janicke Liaaen; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Young, Alix; Hove, Lene Hystad & Galtung, Hilde (2017). Verdien av spytt.
• Jensen, Janicke Liaaen; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad & Hove, Lene Hystad (2017). Spyttet vårt er livsviktig. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.). ISSN 0804-3116.
• Hove, Lene Hystad; Young, Alix; Hjortsjø, Carl; Stevning, Karen & Løvik, Sara Emilie (2017). Effect of Whitening Toothpastes on Dental Enamel In Vitro .
• Rusthen, Shermin; Young, Alix; Preet, Bano; Tashbayev, Behzod; Garen, Torhild Oddveig & Aqrawi, Lara A. [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Is Health-related Quality of Life Correlated to Oral Status in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome Patients?
• Tashbayev, Behzod; Rusthen, Shermin; Chen, X; Utheim, Tor Paaske; Utheim, Øygunn Aass & Young, Alix [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Dry Mouth and Dry Eye Examinations of a Norwegian Cohort of Primary Sjögren´s Syndrome Patients.
• Gay, Caryl; Monsen, Ragnhild Elisabeth; Saghaug, Elisabeth; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Fjeld, Katrine Gahre & Hove, Lene Hystad [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Oral health symptoms that interfere with eating and drinking among hospice patient.
• Monsen, Ragnhild Elisabeth; Saghaug, Elisabeth; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Fjeld, Katrine Gahre; Hove, Lene Hystad & Tallang, Oddveig Utheim [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Munntørrhet hos palliative pasienter - en randomisert kontrollert studie i en hospiceenhet.
• Rusthen, Shermin; Singh, Preet Bano; Young, Alix; Aqrawi, Lara Adnan; Rykke, Morten & Hove, Lene Hystad [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Oral quality of life, salivary, gustatory and olfactory status in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome.
• Hove, Lene Hystad; Aqrawi, Lara Adnan; Rusthen, Shermin; Young, Alix; Rykke, Morten & Herlofson, Bente Brokstad [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Establishment of a Dry Mouth Clinic at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway.
• Young, Alix; Rusthen, Shermin; Aqrawi, Lara Adnan; Rykke, Morten; Hove, Lene Hystad & Herlofson, Bente Brokstad [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Dental health status of patients diagnosed with primary Sjögren's Syndrome. Vis sammendrag

  This clinical study aims to assess some oral health parameters in patients diagnosed with primary Sjögren’s Syndrome (pSS), and is part of a larger project studying groups of patients suffering from dry mouth. Material and methods: Twenty female pSS patients (mean age 54±12.7y) and 32 healthy controls (mean age 50±12.4y), were recruited to the study and examined at a newly established Dry Mouth Clinic at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, after giving written consent. A questionnaire was filled out and clinical and radiological examinations were performed. Differences between the patient and control groups were calculated using t-test or Chi-squared tests. Results: Approximately 1/3 of patients considered their general and oral health as ‘poor’ or ‘very poor’. No controls considered their general health as ‘poor’ or ‘very poor’, and only 1 control considered their oral health as ‘poor’ or ‘very poor’. Ninety percent of patients and 75% of controls had visited the dentist within the last year. There was no between-group difference in the mean number of teeth present (patients 25.5±2.7; controls 26.1±3.8). The patients had higher mean caries experience: DMFT (patients: 18.0±6.45; controls 12.9±7.26, p=0.014), FT (patients: 15.35±5.77; controls 11.28±6.10, p=0.02), and D3-5T (patients: 0.60±0.94; controls: 0.28±0.58, p=0.136). Visible plaque was observed in 30% of patients and 9.4% of controls (p=0.056). Signs of gingivitis were observed in 25% of patients and 6% of controls (p=0.054). Conclusion: Compared to controls, pSS patients reported poorer general and oral health. They had significantly higher dental caries experience, and a tendency to more plaque and gingivitis. However, the pSS patients reported visiting their dentist more regularly than the controls, suggesting an awareness of the oral consequences of reduced salivary function.

• Singh, Preet Bano; Rusthen, Shermin; Aqrawi, Lara A.; Young, Alix; Rykke, Morten & Hove, Lene Hystad [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Chemosensory disorders, burning mouth sensation, and halitosis in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome .
• Monsen, Ragnhild Elisabeth; Saghaug, Elisabeth; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad; Fjeld, Katrine Gahre; Hove, Lene Hystad & Tollissen, Anita [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Munnskylling med te av Salvia Officinalis som del av palliativ behandling - fra gode erfaringer til en klinisk forskningsstudie.
• Hove, Lene Hystad; Stenhagen, Kjersti Refsholt; Holme, Børge & Tveit, Anne Bjørg (2013). The protective effect of SnF2 containing toothpastes and solution on enamel surfaces subjected to erosion and abrasion in situ.
• Hove, Lene Hystad; Stenhagen, Kjersti Refsholt; Mulic, Aida; Holme, Børge & Tveit, Anne Bjørg (2012). Protective effect of fluoride toothpastes or fluoride gel against erosive/ abrasive wear, an in-situ study.
• Stenhagen, Kjersti Refsholt; Hove, Lene Hystad; Holme, Børge & Tveit, Anne Bjørg (2012). The effect of daily fluoride mouth rinse against enamel erosive/abrasive wear in situ.
• Stenhagen, Kjersti Refsholt; Austin, Rupert; Hove, Lene Hystad; Tveit, Anne Bjørg; Festy, Fred & Moazzezz, Rebecca [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2011). The Effect of Topical Fluorides on Enamel Volume Loss from Erosion and Erosion-Abrasion in vitro.
• Hove, Lene Hystad; Stenhagen, Kjersti Refsholt; Holme, Børge & Tveit, Anne Bjørg (2011). Enamel erosion depths measured on impressions by a White Light Interferometer.
• Hove, Lene Hystad; Tveit, Anne Bjørg; Stenhagen, Kjersti Refsholt & Holme, Børge (2010). Protective effect of TiF4 solution with different concentrations and pH on development of erosion-like lesions.
• Stenhagen, Kjersti Refsholt; Hove, Lene Hystad; Tveit, Anne Bjørg & Kvam, Ketil (2010). Appearance of natural enamel after topical fluoride treatments and abrasion in vitro.
• Mulic, Aida; Tveit, Anne Bjørg; Wang, Nina Johanne; Hove, Lene Hystad; Espelid, Ivar & Skaare, Anne B (2009). Testing the Reliability of Two Clinical Scoring Systems for Dental Erosion.
• Hove, Lene Hystad; Holme, Børge; Stenhagen, Kjersti Refsholt & Tveit, Anne Bjørg (2009). Comparing four techniques for analyzing erosive tooth loss and progression in vitro.
• Mulic, Aida; Tveit, Anne Bjørg; Hove, Lene Hystad; Wang, Nina Johanne & Skaare, Anne B (2008). Testing a visual index for dental erosion. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry. ISSN 1818-6300. s. 29–29.
• Mulic, Aida; Tveit, Anne Bjørg; Hove, Lene Hystad; Wang, Nina Johanne & Skaare, Anne B (2008). Testing a visual index for dental erosion.
• Skaar, Mari; Mulic, Aida; Hove, Lene Hystad; Young, Alix & Tveit, Anne Bjørg (2006). Erosive effect of acidic drinks and acids on bovine enamel in vitro.
• Hove, Lene Hystad (2005). The protective effect of TiF4, SnF2 and NaF against erosion-like lesions in pellicle-covered enamel.
• Young, Alix ; Hove, Lene Hystad; Kohli, Priya & Tveit, Anne Bjørg (2005). An in vitro study on the effect of titanium fluoride pre-treatment of enamel against acid attack. Vis sammendrag

  Today�s lifestyle in many ways promotes the acidic destruction of tooth substance: dental erosions. Simple measures are needed to prevent serious treatment problems after long exposure to acids. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of fluoride treatment (simulating professional F-application) on enamel exposed to an acidic challenge aimed at simulating gastric reflux. 16 bovine anterior teeth were sectioned to obtain 4 pieces large enough to locate a circular enamel window (4mm diameter). Nail varnish was used to block out the surrounding tooth substance. Specimens were dealt into 4 groups: group 1- control (no treatment), group 2- pellicle (2-h); group 3- titanium fluoride (TiF4) pre-treatment (2min, 0.5M F-) and group 4- pellicle + TiF4 pre-treatment. Pellicle was created by 2-h incubation of tooth specimens in freshly collected, clarified paraffin wax-stimulated human whole saliva pooled from 5 healthy subjects. Specimens in groups 3 and 4 were then subjected to 3-ml TiF4-solution for 2min under gentle agitation. All specimens were subsequently subjected to 3ml 0.01M HCl stepwise for 4+4+4 min, and the acid aliquots retained for calcium analysis in a Model 3300 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, Perkin Elmer Analytical Instruments (Norwalk, CT, USA). Statistical analysis (one-way ANOVA/Bonferroni) showed that TiF4 reduced Ca-release from enamel by 75, 62 and 57% respectively compared with the control after the three acid exposures (p<0.05). The effect of TiF4 on pellicle-covered enamel was slightly better than for TiF4 alone, but this was not significant. These results may suggest that pre-treatment of enamel with a TiF4 solution with or without pellicle-removal provides protection for the enamel against acid attack.

• Holme, Børge; Hove, Lene Hystad & Tveit, Anne Bjørg (2005). Accurate measurement of erosion-like lesions in vitro using White Light Interferometry.
• Hove, Lene Hystad; Tveit, Anne Bjørg; Øgaard, Bjørn; Young, Alix & Holme, Børge (2005). The protective effect of TiF4, SnF2 and NaF against erosion-like lesions in pellicle-covered enamel.
• Hove, Lene Hystad; Tveit, Anne Bjørg; Willumsen, Tiril; Øgaard, Bjørn & Holme, B: (2004). The inhibiting effect of TiF4, SnF2 and NaF on development of erosion-like lesions in human enamel. European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. ISSN 1591-996X.
• Hove, Lene Hystad; Tveit, Anne Bjørg & Øgaard, Bjørn (2008). The inhibiting effect of TiF4, SnF2 and NaF on erosion-like lesions in-vitro and in-situ. Unipub AS. ISSN 978-82-497-0308-1.

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