Siste publikasjoner

• Torgersen, Gerald; Winsnes, Karianne Ervik; Handal, Trude; Diep, My Tien; Ørstavik, Dag Solmund & Sunde, Pia Titterud (2026). Open‐Weight Deep Learning for Periapical Index Scoring: Training and Comparison of Convolutional Neural Network Models Based on Three Distinct Architectures and an Ensemble Approach. International Endodontic Journal. ISSN 0143-2885. doi: 10.1111/iej.70268. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Aim This study aimed to (i) train and compare three convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures for Periapical Index (PAI) scoring on intraoral radiographs, and (ii) assess whether an ensemble of these models improves performance compared with any single architecture. Methods A dataset of 17,549 apex‐centred image clips extracted from intraoral radiographs was annotated by a calibrated observer (KW) with PAI scores (1–5) and used to train three CNN architectures (ResNet50, EfficientNet‐B3 and ConvNeXt‐Tiny) for PAI scoring. The image clips were split 80/20 into training and validation sets, and model selection was based on validation performance of quadratic weighted kappa (QWK). The three CNN models were combined into an equal‐weight soft‐voting ensemble model, and all four models were evaluated on an independent balanced test set of 200 images (40 per PAI score). QWK was used as the primary outcome metric, and bootstrapping was used to estimate the confidence intervals (CIs). The PAI scale was dichotomized into healthy (PAI 1–2) and diseased (PAI 3–5), and accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and F1 score were calculated. Results The ensemble model achieved the highest performance with a QWK of 0.79 on the test set, followed by EfficientNet‐B3 (QWK = 0.77), ResNet50 (QWK = 0.76) and ConvNeXt‐Tiny (QWK = 0.70), with overlapping confidence intervals (CIs). For the binary PAI classification, the performance of the three CNN models and the ensemble model was comparable. The ensemble model achieved the following results: accuracy 86%, sensitivity 83%, specificity 90%, PPV 93%, NPV 78% and F1 score 0.88. Conclusion Optimization and evaluation of three CNN models and an ensemble model for PAI scoring showed comparable performance on both the five‐class PAI scale and the binary PAI scale on an independent test set. The ensemble model did not show statistically significant improvement over the three individual CNN architectures. The AI models trained and tested in this study are made open‐source under the open‐source MIT licence.

• Skallevold, Hans Erling; Hol, Caroline & Wigen, Tove Irene (2026). Tilsynelatende intakt melkemolar med apikal periodontitt – dens invaginatus påvist med mikro-CT ex vivo | Den norske tannlegeforenings Tidende. Den norske tannlegeforenings Tidende. ISSN 0029-2303. 136, s. 384–387. doi: 10.56373/69dcc7251034d. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Den norske tannlegeforenings Tidende – Tilsynelatende intakt melkemolar med apikal periodontitt – dens invaginatus påvist med mikro-CT ex vivo

• Larsen, Tor Håkon; Rajkumar, Jenny; Pedersen, Torbjørn Østvik; Skarstein, Kathrine; Hol, Caroline & Isaksen, Vidar [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). Quality of life, patient satisfaction and treatment outcomes following temporomandibular joint arthroplasty in two University Hospitals in Norway: A 5-year retrospective evaluation. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. ISSN 1010-5182. 54(7). doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2026.104562. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study aimed to evaluate quality of life (QoL), patient satisfaction and clinical treatment outcomes five years after temporomandibular joint (TMJ) arthroplasty with or without interpositional graft. The oral impact on daily performance (OIDP) and the oral health impact profile-temporomandibular disorder-22 (OHIP-TMD-22) questionnaires, satisfaction scores, pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS) and maximal incisal opening (MIO) were evaluated in 42 patients (females 81 %). In total 62 % arthroplasties were successful. Success rate alone for MIO was 90 % and for VAS-pain 68 %. Most patients (59 %) were satisfied or very satisfied with the treatment. There was a significant difference in median total postoperative OHIP-TMD-22 score between the successful group (44.0) and the failure group (72.0) (p < 0.001), in the overall pre- (p = 0.014) and postoperative (p = 0.001) total OIDP-score, and between pre- and postoperative score in the successful group (p = 0.001) but not in the failure group alone. Complications occured such as temporal facial nerve damage after the use of temporalis fascia grafting, or unilateral open bite after the use of fat/dermis-fat graft. TMJ arthroplasties with or without interpositional graft significantly improved QoL, satisfaction, function and pain in patients with TMJ ankylosis. Careful consideration is advised when evaluating young patients for TMJ surgery with previous invasive treatment, high preoperative OIDP-score and rheumatic disease.

• Nysæther, Ingvild; Haugen, Håvard Jostein; Khassawna, Thaqif El; Jamous, Reem; Afnan, Shoresh & Santacroce, Marco [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Clinical Performance of Ultra‐Porous TiO2 Scaffold as Bone Graft Substitute in Human Alveolar Ridge Preservation—A Feasibility Study. Clinical Oral Implants Research. ISSN 0905-7161. doi: 10.1111/clr.70074. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objectives This study evaluates the safety and osteoconductive potential of a ceramic TiO2 scaffold in human alveolar bone, hypothesising that placement in human extraction sockets is safe, supports bone ingrowth and preserves ridge dimensions. Material and Methods Nine subjects requiring the extraction of ≥ 1 premolar or molar tooth were enrolled. Full-thickness mucoperiosteal flaps were elevated. Following tooth extraction, porous ceramic TiO2 scaffolds were adjusted chair-side, placed into the extraction socket and covered by a resorbable collagen membrane. After 6 months of healing, before dental implant placement, a biopsy was performed at the site where the scaffold had been placed. Histomorphometric and micro-CT analyses were made. CBCT images were made at baseline and at 6 months to assess alveolar ridge dimensional changes. Implants placed in regenerated bone were followed for 21 months. Results Scaffold customisation with chairside adjustment was straightforward. No serious adverse events were observed during the 6 months following scaffold implantation. One scaffold was removed due to an early exposure, while the remaining 9 scaffolds successfully integrated. Two sites presented with minor soft tissue dehiscences at 1–2 weeks, which healed spontaneously. Micro-CT and histology confirmed new bone formation. Soft tissue healing was favourable, with no adverse reactions. Dimensional analysis revealed minimal changes in alveolar ridge width and height, indicating effective preservation of volume. Conclusions This clinical study confirms that TiO2 scaffolds are a safe and effective option for promoting bone regrowth and preserving volume in human alveolar bone, thereby facilitating bone formation and maintaining ridge dimensions post-extraction.

• Aardal, Vilde Eika; Hol, Caroline; Rønneberg, Anne; Neupane, Sudan Prasad & Willumsen, Tiril (2025). Who requires dental treatment under general anesthesia due to pain and severe dental anxiety? Findings from panoramic X-ray images and anamnesis. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6357. 84, s. 78–85. doi: 10.2340/aos.v84.42895. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Collin, Malin; Christidis, Nikolaos; Hagelberg, Stefan; Arvidsson, Linda Zamoline; Larheim, Tore Arne & Ernberg, Malin [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Temporomandibular involvement in children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a 2-year prospective cohort study. Scientific Reports. 14(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-56174-3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study aimed to clinically evaluate temporomandibular joint (TMJ) involvement in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and the ability to identify and/or predict development of TMJ-deformities over time using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The predictive value of self-reported TMJ pain was also assessed. A prospective longitudinal cohort study comprising 54 children with JIA, 39 girls and 15 boys, was performed. All children had active disease at baseline, 50% with the subtype oligoarthritis. Repeated clinical orofacial and CBCT examinations were performed over a two-year period. At baseline, 39% had radiographic TMJ deformities (24% unilateral, 15% bilateral), at 2-year follow-up, 42% (p > 0.05). Both progressing and improving TMJ deformities were observed. An association was found between TMJ-deformities and self-reported TMJ pain at baseline (p = 0.01). Maximum unassisted mouth opening (MUO) was smaller for children with TMJ-deformities (p < 0.05). The prevalence of palpatory muscle pain was high (48–59%) but not predictive of development of TMJ-deformities. TMJ noises increased over time and crepitations were associated with TMJ-deformities (p < 0.05). In conclusion, in children with JIA, self-reported TMJ pain and dysfunction were common and predictive of TMJ deformities. TMJ deformities were associated with smaller MUO and palpatory TMJ pain as well as crepitations. Trial registration. ClinicalTrials.gov Protocol id: 2010/2089-31/2.

• Larheim, Tore Arne; Hol, Caroline; Løseth, Guro Engvig & Arvidsson, Linda Zamoline (2024). Temporomandibular joint pathologies: pictorial review. British Journal of Radiology (BJR). ISSN 0007-1285. 97(1153), s. 53–67. doi: 10.1093/bjr/tqad021. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In this pictorial review, an introductory paragraph emphasizes the significance of some anatomical aspects for optimal imaging of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The most frequent pathologies: internal derangement (ID) and osteoarthritis (OA) are comprehensively discussed and illustrated. Less common conditions: ID and OA-like changes in children and adolescents, idiopathic condylar resorption, inflammatory arthritis, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis are briefly discussed. A short paragraph on differential diagnostics in young patients is included followed by a brief comment on expansile lesions that occasionally may occur in the TMJ.

• Kise, Yoshitaka; Møystad, Anne; Kuwada, Chaki; Ariji, Eiichiro & Bjørnland, Tore (2024). Does ultrasound elastography have a role as a diagnostic method for Sjögren’s syndrome in the salivary glands? A systematic review. Oral Radiology. ISSN 0911-6028. s. 1–13. doi: 10.1007/s11282-024-00740-y. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Schulze, Ralf; Klingler, Samuel; Biel, Philippe; Spin-Neto, Rubens; Berkhout, Erwin & Drage, Nicolas [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Cone beam computed tomography- Frequency and exposure settings at University (Dental) hospitals in Central and Northern Europe. European Journal of Radiology. ISSN 0720-048X. 183. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2024.111886. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sutphen, Molly; Solbrekke, Tone Dyrdal & Møystad, Anne (2024). Anatomy of a hospitable collaboration: academic hospitality in and for academic development. International Journal for Academic Development. ISSN 1360-144X. doi: 10.1080/1360144X.2024.2393810. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  We suggest that academic hospitality may be a common, unarticulated practice in academic development. We use two nested collaborations between an academic development unit and a dental faculty to illustrate practices of academic hospitality. The collaboration changed the faculty’s culture of suitability assessment, or assessment of students’ qualifications for professional work. Nested within this collaboration, another collaboration emerged between one of the academic developers and a dental faculty member. They conducted a research study on the cultural change in the faculty as an example of how and why changes might come about in an academic culture. We contend that both collaborations are marked by academic hospitality and exemplify hospitable collaboration.

• Katle, Erik; Zandi, Homan; Pedersen, Deniz; Sunde, Pia Titterud; Torgersen, Gerald R. & Ørstavik, Dag Solmund (2024). Radiographic outcome of endodontic treatment and retreatment of teeth with apical periodontitis using two different root canal irrigants. A prospective cohort study. International Endodontic Journal. ISSN 0143-2885. 57(3), s. 297–304. doi: 10.1111/iej.14019. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Aim The aim of this prospective cohort study was to compare the radiographic outcome of endodontic treatment and retreatment of teeth with apical periodontitis using either 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) for root canal irrigation. Materials and Methods In the years from 2013 to 2015 standard irrigation varied by semester between NaOCl and CHX at the Department of Endodontics at the Faculty of Dentistry. During that time, 912 teeth received treatment for apical periodontitis in 744 patients, of whom 532 responded to the request for a 1-year follow-up. Only one tooth per person (the most distally located) were included; 285 teeth treated with NaOCl and 247 with CHX. One hundred cases were then randomly sampled from each irrigation group and analysed for outcome by periapical index (PAI) scoring using criteria for success, uncertain and failure. Clinical and other radiographic parameters were scored or recorded and analysed for associations with radiographic outcome using chi-square, ANOVA and regression analyses. Results Success rates (PAI score 1 or 2 at control) were nearly identical for the two irrigation liquids. The use of irrigating solution also did not significantly influence the outcome in chi-square analyses of subgroups of teeth or regression analyses with other variables included. Ordinal regression analysis established that preoperative lesion size or preoperative PAI score were significantly associated with outcome, and teeth in the mandible had significantly better outcomes than in the maxilla. Conclusions No significant differences in the radiographic outcome using either 1% NaOCl or 2% CHX as irrigants were found. The outcome was better for teeth with small lesions or lower PAI scores at completion of treatment and for mandibular teeth.

• Hol, Caroline; Mork-Knutsen, Peer Olaf; Larheim, Tore Arne; Bjørnland, Tore & Arvidsson, Linda Zamoline (2024). Temporomandibular Joint Discectomy in Patients With Disc Displacement: Assessment of Osteoarthritis at 10- and 30-Year Follow-Up. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. ISSN 0305-182X. doi: 10.1111/joor.13854. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Few ≥ 10-year follow-up studies of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) discectomy without replacement in patients with disc displacement (DD) analyse the relationship between the surgery and osteoarthritis (OA) exist. Objectives To radiologically evaluate bony joint changes and OA development 10 and 30 years after TMJ discectomy as well as 30-year clinical outcome. Methods Twenty-two discectomy patients at the University of Oslo, Norway, with records confirming initial TMJ diagnosis and attendance of 10-year radiological follow-up were evaluated and eligible for 30-year follow-up. Primary variables: discectomy and CT-/CBCT-diagnosed OA at follow-ups. Secondary variables: perioperative TMJ diagnoses and remodelling at follow-up. Unoperated TMJs (Unop-TMJs) in unilaterally operated patients were controls. Statistical association and correlation analyses were performed for the 10-year follow-up (significance level p < 0.05). Results Twenty-two patients attended the 10-year follow-up (mean follow-up 11 years) with 27 operated TMJs (Op-TMJs) and 17 Unop-TMJs. OA perioperatively was associated with DD without reduction (p = 0.001) and additional disc abnormalities (p = 0.016). Although statistically non-significant, the number of TMJs with OA had increased at 10-year follow-up (p = 0.114, Op-TMJs: 14 to 20 joints; Unop-TMJs: 2 to 5 joints). Remodelling was correlated with discectomy (p = 0.003) and to OA (p = 0.006). Nine patients attended the 30-year follow-up (mean follow-up 32 years, 11 Op-TMJs). All TMJs with OA at 30-year follow-up had OA at 10-year follow-up. Mean maximal interincisal opening was 39 mm. No DC-TMD-diagnosed arthralgia was found. Conclusion Osteoarthritis developed similarly between Op- and Unop-TMJs. Only remodelling, not OA, was correlated to the surgery. The clinical results were still favourable at final follow-up.

• Ottersen, Margareth Kristensen; Larheim, Tore Arne; Hove, Lene Hystad & Arvidsson, Linda Zamoline (2023). Imaging signs of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis in an urban population of 65-year-olds: A cone beam computed tomography study. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. ISSN 0305-182X. doi: 10.1111/joor.13547. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kubberød, Jon Olav; Torgersen, Gerald R.; Gjermo, Per E; Baelum, Vibeke & Preus, Hans Ragnar (2023). Five-year radiological findings from a randomized controlled trial of four periodontitis treatment strategies. European Journal of Oral Sciences. ISSN 0909-8836. doi: 10.1111/eos.12949. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Radiographic findings from long-term studies of periodontitis treatment have rarely been reported. Although bone destruction is a prominent feature of periodontitis, the long-term effect on alveolar bone levels of different treatment strategies, with or without adjunctive metronidazole (MTZ), has not been reported. We investigated the 5-year radiographic outcome of therapy in patient groups treated with conventional scaling and root planing (SRP) or same-day full-mouth disinfection (FDIS), with or without adjunctive MTZ. Following a 3-month oral hygiene phase, 184 periodontitis patients were randomly allocated to one of four treatment regimens: (i) FDIS+MTZ; (ii) FDIS+placebo; (iii) SRP+MTZ; or (iv) SRP+placebo. Following active treatment, patients received biannual maintenance. In total, 161 patients (87.5%) completed the 5-year follow-up examination, at which the radiographic bone level (RBL), clinical attachment level, probing pocket depth, presence of plaque, and bleeding were recorded again. At the 5-year follow up examination, minor radiological bone loss was observed in the intervention groups FDIS+placebo, SRP+MTZ, and SRP+placebo; by contrast, the FDIS+MTZ group did not show any change in RBL. Full-mouth disinfection did not generally perform better than conventional SRP performed over a period of 2 to 4 weeks.

• Jäghagen, Eva Levring; Lange, Thomas de; Torgersen, Gerald; Møystad, Anne & Ahlqvist, Jan (2023). The use of post-exam feedback in oral radiology: A survey study of dental and dental hygienist schools in Europe. European journal of dental education. ISSN 1396-5883. s. 1048–1052. doi: 10.1111/eje.12897. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: A combination of summative assessments and post-exam feedback can create a formative environment to support student learning. It remains unknown to what extent feedback sessions are conducted after exams in oral radiology courses for dental and dental hygienist students in Europe. This survey study aimed to explore whether post-exam feedback sessions were conducted, and if so, in what format. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire was distributed to 76 dental schools in 26 countries and 34 dental hygienist schools in 14 countries in Europe. The questions addressed whether feedback was provided after exams in oral radiology, the feedback format, and whether feedback sessions were formalised or performed for other reasons. Results: Questionnaire responses were received from 33 dental schools in 18 countries, and 20 dental hygienist schools in 11 countries. Information about grades was provided in 23–30% of the schools. Post-exam feedback sessions including opportunities for discussion was provided at 39% of the schools, all with guidelines stating that these sessions should be carried out. The remaining schools provided feedback either on request by individual students or as written examples of correct answers. Conclusion: Almost one third of the dental schools announced grades without providing any post-exam feedback that could support learning. Two fifth utilised feedback sessions to assist students in gaining knowledge and sorting out misconceptions, all according to guidelines. Given the possible learning potential in post-exam feedback with opportunity to discuss, further studies of this format would be valuable, including the role and use of feedback guidelines.

• Lange, Thomas de; Møystad, Anne; Torgersen, Gerald R.; Ahlqvist, Jan & Jäghagen, Eva Levring (2023). Students' perceptions of post-exam feedback in oral radiology—A comparative study from two dental hygienist educational settings. European journal of dental education. ISSN 1396-5883. 28(2), s. 1–11. doi: 10.1111/eje.12959. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate how students perceive the benefit of participating in a teacher-organised session providing feedback on exams, termed post-exam feedback, in two dental hygienist programmes. Methods: The study was based on interviews with 22 participants, including 18 students and 4 faculty teachers. The data were approached on the basis of thematic analysis, allowing us to generate insights on how the participants reflected on their participation in the post-exam feedback sessions and how they perceived this arrangement as learners. Results: The findings from the study suggest that motivated students consider post-exam feedback to be beneficial in clearing up uncertainties and deepening their understanding of issues not fully understood during the exam, as well as supporting their further learning. Less motivated students mainly consider post-exam feedback to be relevant for students who do not pass the exams. Conclusions: Organised in a student-centred way and with attentiveness to student learning preferences, the results suggest that post-exam feedback can be valuable for enhancing assessment and supporting student learning related to exams.

• Collin, Malin; Christidis, Nikolaos; Ernberg, Malin; Wiklander, Laila; Arvidsson, Linda Zamoline & Larheim, Tore Arne [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Panoramic imaging may detect morphologically abnormal temporomandibular joints in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pediatric Dental Journal. ISSN 0917-2394. 33(1), s. 52–60. doi: 10.1016/j.pdj.2023.01.004. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Stoustrup, Peter; Resnick, Cory M.; Abramowicz, Shelly; Pedersen, Thomas K.; Michelotti, Ambra & Küseler, Annelise [Vis alle 30 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Management of Orofacial Manifestations of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Interdisciplinary Consensus-Based Recommendations. Arthritis & Rheumatology. ISSN 2326-5191. doi: 10.1002/art.42338. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Involvement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is common in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). TMJ arthritis can lead to orofacial symptoms, orofacial dysfunction, and dentofacial deformity with negative impact on quality of life. Management involves interdisciplinary collaboration. No current recommendations exist to guide clinical management. We undertook this study to develop consensus-based interdisciplinary recommendations for management of orofacial manifestations of JIA, and to create a future research agenda related to management of TMJ arthritis in children with JIA. Recommendations were developed using online surveying of relevant stakeholders, systematic literature review, evidence-informed generation of recommendations during 2 consensus meetings, and Delphi study iterations involving external experts. The process included disciplines involved in the care of orofacial manifestations of JIA: pediatric rheumatology, radiology, orthodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, orofacial pain specialists, and pediatric dentistry. Recommendations were accepted if agreement was >80% during a final Delphi study. Three overarching management principles and 12 recommendations for interdisciplinary management of orofacial manifestations of JIA were outlined. The 12 recommendations pertained to diagnosis (n = 4), treatment of TMJ arthritis (active TMJ inflammation) (n = 2), treatment of TMJ dysfunction and symptoms (n = 3), treatment of arthritis-related dentofacial deformity (n = 2), and other aspects related to JIA (n = 1). Additionally, a future interdisciplinary research agenda was developed. These are the first interdisciplinary recommendations to guide clinical management of TMJ JIA. The 3 overarching principles and 12 recommendations fill an important gap in current clinical practice. They emphasize the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to diagnosis and management of orofacial manifestations of JIA.

• Young, Alix; Skudutyte-Rysstad, Rasa; Torgersen, Gerald R. & Giertsen, Elin (2022). Teaching radiographic caries detection and treatment planning: A seminar using an audience response system. Caries Research. ISSN 0008-6568. 56(3), s. 226–233. doi: 10.1159/000526109. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study presents a seminar model for teaching radiographic caries detection and treatment planning at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo. The seminar is based partly on an audience response system (ARS) and uses patient cases to focus on caries risk assessment and treatment planning. This paper describes the seminar design, implementation, learning outcomes, and observational study of variability in caries registrations and students’ attitudes to use of ARS. Dental and dental hygiene students participate in two seminar modules. Module 1 aims to develop and increase individual student skills in radiographic caries lesion detection, scoring, and differential diagnosis. Students perform trial registrations on bitewings using an ARS with anonymous live polling, and scorings are discussed in plenum. Students then perform individual registrations on 12 bitewing pairs. Using digital scoring, students detect and grade caries lesions on all approximal and occlusal tooth surfaces. After the session, students use the ARS to repeat scorings on selected tooth surfaces, and results are again discussed in plenum. Module 2 involves group exercises on 4 patient cases that are later presented with plenary discussions. In total, 1,624 caries registrations performed by 150 students attending the seminar between 2016 and 2018 were assessed for variability between students. As expected, variations in caries registrations were observed between students, mostly related to restored surfaces or tooth surfaces that were otherwise difficult to register. In 2022, 63 dental and dental hygiene students attending the seminar answered a questionnaire about use of ARS. The responses were scored using a five-point Likert scale. Overall, no significant difference in satisfaction with the ARS-based module was observed between dental and dental hygiene students (χ&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; test, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &amp;#x3e; 0.05). The majority of the students were positive toward the use of ARS (94%), but some disagreed on the role of ARS in usefulness for understanding the seminar content (3.2%), and in increasing their confidence in radiographic registration of caries (3.2%). The ARS-based module provides a positive learning environment that ensures student anonymity, interactivity, and engagement, and combined with the other seminar module gives students basic skills in caries detection and treatment planning.

• Tolend, Mirkamal; Doria, Andrea S.; Meyers, Arthur B.; Larheim, Tore Arne; Abramowicz, Shelly & Aguet, Julien [Vis alle 27 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Assessing the reliability of the OMERACT juvenile idiopathic arthritis magnetic resonance scoring system for temporomandibular joints (JAMRIS-TMJ). Journal of Clinical Medicine. 10(18), s. 1–17. doi: 10.3390/jcm10184047. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remains the most comprehensive modality to assess juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)-related inflammation and osteochondral damage in the temporomandibular joints (TMJ). This study tested the reliability of a new JIA MRI scoring system for TMJ (JAMRIS-TMJ) and the impact of variations in calibration and reader specialty. Thirty-one MRI exams of bilateral TMJs were scored independently using the JAMRIS-TMJ by 20 readers consisting of radiologists and non-radiologist clinicians in three reading groups, with or without a calibrating atlas and/or tutorial. The inter-reader reliability in the multidisciplinary cohort assessed by the generalizability coefficient was 0.61–0.67 for the inflammatory and 0.66–0.74 for the damage domain. The atlas and tutorial did not improve agreement within radiologists, but improved the agreement between radiologist and non-radiologist groups. Agreements between different calibration levels were 0.02 to 0.08 lower by the generalizability coefficient compared to agreement within calibration levels; agreement between specialty groups was 0.04 to 0.10 lower than within specialty groups. Averaging two radiologists raised the reliability above 0.8 for both domains. Therefore, the reliability of JAMRIS-TMJ was moderate-to-good depending on the presence of specialty and calibration differences. The atlas and tutorial are necessary to improve reliability when the reader cohort consists of multiple specialties.

• Knivsberg, Ina Charlotte; Kopperud, Simen E.; Bjørk, Mai-Britt; Torgersen, Gerald; Skramstad, Katarzyna Ewa Kocent & Kvaal, Sigrid I. (2021). Digitalised exercise material in forensic odontology. International journal of legal medicine (Print). ISSN 0937-9827. doi: 10.1007/s00414-021-02740-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Abstract Introduction This paper presents digital educational material in forensic odontology, including dental identification after multiple fatalities and dental age estimation from different age groups. Material and method Electronic patient records consisting of intraoral scans of the dentition, digital radiographs, photographs and written dental records were collected. Exercises in age estimations contained digital radiographs and photographs of ground tooth sections, with digital measuring tools and tables according to age groups. The teaching material was organised as a module in an electronic Learning Management System with external links to all relevant teaching material. Results For the identification exercises, intraoral scans and the latest digital radiographs simulated the postmortem examination of the deceased. For comparison, all other radiographs, photographs and dental records were available as antemortem material. The exercise was to match postmortem findings with the antemortem records using the Interpol standard and reconciliation. Age assessment of children used designated tables to grade tooth development on digital radiographs. For adults, non-destructive methods, digital radiographs, photographs and measuring tools were used. Discussion The teaching concept was hybrid, but it can easily be adapted as a fully digital exercise. The instructions and written material can be translated into different languages. The level of difficulty in the exercises can be adjusted according to the participant’s level of knowledge. Conclusion The educational material embraces the new possibilities for digitalisation and intraoral scanning. This might be a valuable tool for motivating and engaging the students in their participation and understanding of the subject.

• Tolend, Mirkamal; Junhasavasdikul, Thitiporn; Cron, Randy Q.; Inarejos, Emilio C; Kalle, Thekla von & Kellenberger, Christian J. [Vis alle 27 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Discrete Choice Experiment on a Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scoring System for Temporomandibular Joints in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Arthritis care & research. ISSN 2151-464X. 74(2), s. 308–316. doi: 10.1002/acr.24577. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective To determine the relative importance weights of items and grades of a newly developed additive outcome measure called the juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scoring system for the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) (JAMRIS-TMJ). Methods An adaptive partial-profile, discrete choice experiment (DCE) survey using the 1000Minds platform was independently completed by members of an expert group consisting of radiologists and non-radiologist clinicians to determine the group-averaged relative weights for the JAMRIS-TMJ. Subsequently, an image-based vignette ranking exercise was done, during which experts individually rank ordered 14 patient vignettes for disease severity while blinded to the weights and unrestricted to JAMRIS-TMJ assessment criteria. Validity of the weighted JAMRIS-TMJ was tested by comparing the consensus-graded, DCE-weighted JAMRIS-TMJ score of the vignettes with their unrestricted image-based ranks provided by the experts. Results Nineteen experts completed the DCE survey, and 21 completed the vignette ranking exercise. Synovial thickening and joint enhancement showed higher weights per raw score compared to bone marrow items and effusion in the inflammatory domain, while erosions and condylar flattening showed nonlinear and higher weights compared to disk abnormalities in the damage domain. The weighted JAMRIS-TMJ score of the vignettes correlated highly with the ranks from the unrestricted comparison method, with median Spearman's ρ of 0.92 (interquartile range [IQR] 0.87–0.95) for the inflammation and 0.93 (IQR 0.90–0.94) for the damage domain. Conclusion A DCE survey was used to quantify the importance weights of the items and grades of the JAMRIS-TMJ. The weighted score showed high convergent validity with an unrestricted, holistic vignette ranking method.

• Lange, Thomas de; Møystad, Anne & Torgersen, Gerald R. (2020). How can video‐based assignments integrate practical and conceptual knowledge in summative assessment? Student experiences from a longitudinal experiment. British Educational Research Journal (BERJ). ISSN 0141-1926. doi: 10.1002/berj.3632. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This article focuses on how video assignments presenting clinical situations can be implemented in digital summative assessment to enhance the integration of practical and conceptual knowledge. The underlying perspective is that sustainable assessment should comprise evaluative practices that equip students for the challenges they will face in their future professional lives. Drawing on the literature and on empirical results of a qualitative longitudinal research study at a Norwegian university, the integrative potential and challenges of video assignments are examined. The study confirms that video‐based assignments are well suited for assessing integrated competencies. However, the complexities of videos’ visual displays have clear consequences that indicate how these resources should be produced. To optimise the potential of video use in enhancing sustainable summative assessment, we must strike a balance between technical accommodation, task clarity and integrative potential.

• Abrahamsson, Anna-Karin; Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova; Arvidsson, Linda Zamoline & Larheim, Tore Arne (2020). Improvement of Bone-Erosive Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Abnormalities in Adolescents Undergoing Non-Surgical Treatment: A Longitudinal Study. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. ISSN 0250-832X. 49(5). doi: 10.1259/dmfr.20190338. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objectives: To investigate the longitudinal changes of the imaging temporomandibular joint (TMJ) characteristics in young patients with TMJ-related symptoms and treated with non-surgical methods. The severity of self-reported symptoms at follow-up was also investigated. Methods: A cone beam CT (CBCT)/CT follow-up examination [median follow-up 4.1 (1.3–6.4) years] was performed in 22 patients with erosive TMJ abnormalities [baseline median age 16 (12–18) years]. Imaging characteristics were analyzed and the changes between the examinations were categorized as (A) improvement, (B) no change, or (C) worsening. Severity of follow-up symptoms was evaluated using Jaw Functional Limitation Scale (JFLS-8) and Graded Chronic Pain Scale (Grade 0–IV). Analyses were performed separately for left and right TMJ. Findings at baseline and follow-up were compared using McNemar test to account for dependencies. Changes in proportions of hard tissue findings between examinations were assessed using Wilcoxon signed ranks test. Results: A significant reduction in the proportion of patients with erosive abnormalities was found [59.1%, 95% CI (36.4–79.3) %]. Baseline erosions improved in 9/12 (75%) right and 14/15 (93%) left TMJs. About half repaired; developed an intact cortical outline. Number of joints with osteophytes increased (right: p &lt; 0.04, left: p &lt; 0.003). New osteophytes were mostly found in joints with erosive findings. Low or no limitation of jaw function (Jaw Functional Limitation Scale) was found in 12/22 (55%) and no or low intensity of pain (Graded Chronic Pain Scale Grade 0 or I) in 19/22 (86%) at follow-up. Conclusion: We found a high potential for repair of erosive TMJ abnormalities. However, the patient series was small. The majority of patients assessed their symptom severity at follow-up as low.

• Skjerven, Henrik; Olsen-Bergem, Heming; Rønold, Hans Jacob; Riis, Ulf Harald & Ellingsen, Jan Eirik (2019). Comparison of postoperative intraoral scan versus cone beam computerised tomography to measure accuracy of guided implant placement—A prospective clinical study. Clinical Oral Implants Research. ISSN 0905-7161. 30(6), s. 531–541. doi: 10.1111/clr.13438. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Skjerven, Henrik; Riis, Ulf Harald; Herlofson, Bente Brokstad & Ellingsen, Jan Eirik (2019). In Vivo Accuracy of Implant Placement Using a Full Digital Planning Modality and Stereolithographic Guides. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants. ISSN 0882-2786. 34(1), s. 124–132. doi: 10.11607/JOMI.6939. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Henriksson, Ingrid Christina Heuck; Andersson, Els-Marie & Møystad, Anne (2019). Hypodontia and retention of third molars in Norwegian medieval skeletons: dental radiography in osteoarchaeology. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6357. s. 1–5. doi: 10.1080/00016357.2018.1549749. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Marbach, Felix; Rustad, Cecilie; Rieß, Angelika; Đukić, Dejan; Hsieh, Tzung-Chien & Jobani, Itanar [Vis alle 21 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). The Discovery of a LEMD2-Associated Nuclear Envelopathy with Early Progeroid Appearance Suggests Advanced Applications for AI-Driven Facial Phenotyping. American Journal of Human Genetics. ISSN 0002-9297. 104(4), s. 749–757. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.02.021. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Over a relatively short period of time, the clinical geneticist’s ‘‘toolbox’’ has been expanded by machine-learning algorithms for image analysis, which can be applied to the task of syndrome identification on the basis of facial photographs, but these technologies harbor potential beyond the recognition of established phenotypes. Here, we comprehensively characterized two individuals with a hitherto unknown genetic disorder caused by the same de novo mutation in LEMD2 (c.1436C>T;p.Ser479Phe), the gene which encodes the nuclear envelope protein LEM domain-containing protein 2 (LEMD2). Despite different ages and ethnic backgrounds, both individuals share a progeria-like facial phenotype and a distinct combination of physical and neurologic anomalies, such as growth retardation;hypoplastic jaws crowded with multiple supernumerary, yet unerupted, teeth; and cerebellar intention tremor. Immunofluorescence analyses of patient fibroblasts revealed mutation-induced disturbance of nuclear architecture, recapitulating previously published data in LEMD2-deficient cell lines, and additional experiments suggested mislocalization of mutant LEMD2 protein within the nuclear lamina.Computational analysis of facial features with two different deep neural networks showed phenotypic proximity to other nuclear envelopathies. One of the algorithms, when trained to recognize syndromic similarity (rather than specific syndromes) in an unsupervised approach, clustered both individuals closely together, providing hypothesis-free hints for a common genetic etiology. We show that are current de novomutation in LEMD2 causes a nuclear envelopathy whose prognosis in adolescence is relatively good in comparison to that of classical Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, and we suggest that the application of artificial intelligence to the analysis of patient images can facilitate the discovery of new genetic disorders.

• Stoustrup, Peter; Resnick, Cory M; Pedersen, Thomas Klit; Abramowicz, Shelly; Michelotti, Ambra & Küseler, Annelise [Vis alle 28 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Standardizing Terminology and Assessment for Orofacial Conditions in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: International, Multidisciplinary Consensus-based Recommendations. Journal of Rheumatology. ISSN 0315-162X. 45(5), s. 518–522. doi: 10.3899/jrheum.180785. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  <i>Objective</i> - To propose multidisciplinary, consensus-based, standardization of operational terminology and method of assessment for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) involvement in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).<p> <p><i>Methods</i> - Using a sequential expert group–defined terminology and methods-of-assessment approach by (1) establishment of task force, (2) item generation, (3) working group consensus, (4) external expert content validity testing, and (5) multidisciplinary group of experts final Delphi survey consensus.<p> <p><i>Results</i> - Seven standardized operational terms were defined: <i>TMJ arthritis</i>, <i>TMJ involvement</i>, <i>TMJ arthritis management</i>, <i>dentofacial deformity</i>, <i>TMJ deformity</i>, <i>TMJ symptoms</i>, and <i>TMJ dysfunction</i>.<p> <p><i>Conclusion</i> - Definition of 7 operational standardized terms provides an optimal platform for communication across healthcare providers involved in JIA-TMJ arthritis management.

• Knudsen, Dyveke; Ottersen, Margareth Kristensen; Ørstavik, Dag & Sunde, Pia Titterud (2019). Multiple idiopatiske cervikale rotresorpsjoner - forekomst og kasuistikker. Den norske tannlegeforenings Tidende. ISSN 0029-2303. 129(4), s. 342–351. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ottersen, Margareth Kristensen; Abrahamsson, Anna-Karin; Larheim, Tore & Arvidsson, Linda Zamoline (2019). CBCT characteristics and interpretation challenges of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis in a hand osteoarthritis cohort. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. ISSN 0250-832X. 48(4). doi: 10.1259/dmfr.20180245. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  OBJECTIVES: To characterise osteoarthritis (OA) in the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) by means of cone beam CT in a hand OA population, and identify interpretation challenges. METHODS: The TMJs of 54 individuals (mean age 71.3) recruited from the “The Oslo hand OA cohort”, independently of TMJ-related symptoms, were examined with cone beam CT (ProMax MidCBCT). Images were analysed for bone change characteristics and each joint was diagnosed with either OA, no OA or as indeterminate for OA. The image analysis criteria developed for the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders were used. Frequencies of bone changes, joint diagnoses and severity grades (1–2) were calculated, as well as κ values for observer agreement. RESULTS: In the OA joints, the most frequent bone changes occurred in the condyle: flattening (79%), osteophyte (72%) and subcortical sclerosis (70%). The most frequent changes in the fossa/eminence were flattening (57%), erosion (49%) and subcortical sclerosis (47%). 53 (49%) of the 108 joints were diagnosed with TMJ OA (68 % Grade 2), 29 joints (27%) with no OA, and 26 joints (24%) were indeterminate for OA. Inter- and intraobserver agreement showed mean κ values of 0.67 and 0.62, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: TMJ changes were common in elderly with hand OA and characterised by bone productive changes. The radiologic features indicated a late stage TMJ OA. Interpretation challenges related to subtle changes were identified and are reflected by the rather low observer agreement. The diagnosis of TMJ OA should be based on evident and clear abnormalities only.

• Larheim, Tore Arne; Hol, Caroline; Ottersen, Margareth Kristensen; Knutsen, Bjørn Mork & Arvidsson, Linda Zamoline (2018). The role of imaging in the diagnosis of temporomandibular joint pathology. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America. ISSN 1042-3699. 30(3), s. 239–249. doi: 10.1016/j.coms.2018.04.001. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Miller, Elka; Clemente, Emilio J. Inarejos; Tzaribachev, Nikolay; Guleria, Saurabh; Tolend, Mirkamal & Meyers, Arthur B. [Vis alle 15 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Imaging of temporomandibular joint abnormalities in juvenile idiopathic arthritis with a focus on developing a magnetic resonance imaging protocol. Pediatric Radiology. ISSN 0301-0449. 48(6), s. 792–800. doi: 10.1007/s00247-017-4005-8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Stoustrup, Peter Bangsgaard; Ahlefeldt-Laurvig-Lehn, Nicole; Kristensen, Kasper Dahl; Arvidsson, Linda Zamoline; Twilt, Marinka & Cattaneo, Paolo M. [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). No Association between types of unilateral mandibular condylar abnormalities and facial asymmetry in orthopedic-treated patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. ISSN 0889-5406. 153(2), s. 214–223. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2017.05.037. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: Dentofacial asymmetries are often observed in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) involvements. The aim of this split-face study was to associate types of radiologic TMJ abnormalities with the degree of dentofacial asymmetry in patients with unilateral TMJ involvements assessed with cone-beam computed tomography. Methods: Forty-seven JIA patients and 19 nonarthritic control subjects were included in the study. Normal condylar radiologic cone-beam computed tomography appearance in at least 1 TMJ was the inclusion criterion for all patients with JIA. The contralateral TMJ was thereafter scored as either “normal,” “deformed,” or “erosive,” consistent with predefined criteria. Based on the bilateral radiologic TMJ appearances, 3 JIA groups were assigned: normal/normal, normal/deformed, and normal/erosive. The severity of the dentofacial asymmetry was compared between the JIA groups and control subjects. Dentofacial asymmetry was expressed as interside ratios and angular measurements. Results: Eighty-seven percent of the JIA patients were being treated or had previously received treatment with a functional orthopedic appliance at the time of the cone-beam computed tomography. Significantly greater dentofacial asymmetries were observed in the 2 groups of JIA patients with unilateral condylar abnormalities (deformation or erosion) than in the other groups. A similar degree of dentofacial asymmetry was observed in JIA patients with bilateral normal TMJs and in the nonarthritic control group. Conclusions: JIA patients with unilateral condylar abnormalities (deformation or erosion) exhibited significantly more severe dentofacial asymmetries than did the JIA patients without condylar abnormalities and the control subjects. We found the same degree of dentofacial asymmetry when dividing patients with condylar abnormalities into deformation and erosion groups.

• Johansen, Anna Karin; Ottersen, Margareth Kristensen; Arvidsson, Linda Zamoline; Kvien, Tore Kristian; Larheim, Tore Arne & Haugen, Ida Kristin (2017). Frequency of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis and related symptoms in a hand osteoarthritis cohort. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. ISSN 1063-4584. 25(5), s. 654–657. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.12.028. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: The prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) in the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) in hand OA patients is largely unknown. Our aims were to explore (1) The frequency of TMJ-related symptoms and clinical findings; (2) The TMJ OA frequency defined by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT); and (3) The relationship between TMJ-related symptoms/clinical findings and CBCT-defined TMJ OA, in a hand OA cohort. Methods: We calculated the frequencies of TMJ-related symptoms, clinical findings and diagnosis of TMJ OA by CBCT and clinical examination in 54 patients from the Oslo hand OA cohort (88% women, mean (range) age 71 (61–83) years). Participants with and without CBCT-defined TMJ OA were compared for differences in proportions (95% confidence interval (CI)) of symptoms and clinical findings. Sensitivity and specificity of the clinical TMJ OA diagnosis were calculated using CBCT as reference. Results: Self-reported symptoms and clinical findings were found in 24 (44%) and 50 (93%) individuals (93%), respectively, whereas 7 (13%) had sought healthcare. Individuals with CBCT-defined TMJ OA (n = 36, 67%) reported statistically significantly more pain at mouth opening (22%, 95% CI 4–40%), clicking (33%, 95% CI 14–52%) and crepitus (25%, 95% CI 4–46%). By clinical examination, only crepitus was more common in TMJ OA (33%, 95% CI 29–77%). Clinical diagnosis demonstrated low sensitivity (0.42) and high specificity (0.93). Conclusions: CBCT-defined TMJ OA was common in hand OA patients, suggesting that TMJ OA may be part of generalized OA. Few had sought healthcare, despite high burden of TMJ-related symptoms/findings. Clinical examination underestimated TMJ OA frequency.

• Frid, Paula Hanna Therese; Nordal, Ellen Berit; Bovis, Francesca; Giancane, Gabriella; Larheim, Tore Arne & Rygg, Marite [Vis alle 25 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Temporomandibular Joint Involvement in Association With Quality of Life, Disability, and High Disease Activity in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Arthritis care & research. ISSN 2151-464X. 69(5), s. 677–686. doi: 10.1002/acr.23003. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tolend, Mirkamal; Twilt, Marinka; Cron, Randy Q.; Tzaribachev, Nikolay; Guleria, Saurabh & Kalle, Thekla von [Vis alle 19 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Toward establishing a standardized magnetic resonance imaging scoring system for temporomandibular joints in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis care & research. ISSN 2151-464X. 70(5), s. 758–767. doi: 10.1002/acr.23340. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kirkhus, Eva; Arvidsson, Linda Zamoline; Smith, Hans-Jørgen; Flatø, Berit; Hetlevik, Siri Opsahl & Larheim, Tore Arne (2016). Disk abnormality coexists with any degree of synovial and osseous abnormality in the temporomandibular joints of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pediatric Radiology. ISSN 0301-0449. 46(3), s. 331–341. doi: 10.1007/s00247-015-3493-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background MRI manifestation of temporomandibular joint arthritis is frequently reported in children with juve- nile idiopathic arthritis. However, little attention has been paid to temporomandibular joint disk abnormalities. Objective To assess combinations of MRI findings in the symptomatic temporomandibular joint in children with ju- venile idiopathic arthritis with focus on disk abnormalities. Materials and methods This was a retrospective study of 46 patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, mean age 12 years (range: 5-17 years). Mean disease duration was 70 months (standard deviation: 61 months). MR images of 92 tempo- romandibular joints were scored for thickness of abnormal- ly enhancing synovium (synov itis), joint effusion, bone marrow oedema, abnormal bone shape, bone erosion and disk abnormalities. Results The 92 temporomandibular joints were categorized as A: No synovitis and normal bone shape (30/92; 33%), B: Synovitis and normal bone shape (14/92: 15%), C: Synovi- tis and abnormal bone shape (38/92; 41%) and D: No syno- vitis but abnormal bone shape (10/92; 11%). Thirty-six of the 46 patients (78%) had synovitis and 33/46 (72%) had abnormal bone shape, most frequently in combination (30/ 46; 65%). Disk abnormalities (flat disk, fragmented disk, adherent disk and displaced disk) were found in 29/46 pa- tients (63%). Disk abnormalities were found in all catego- ries of juvenile idiopathic arthritis involved temporoman- dibular joints (B: 8/14 [57%]; C: 25/38 [66%] and D: 7/10 [70%]). Disk displacement was found in half of the joints (7/14) in category B. Synovitis was most pronounced in this category. Conclusion Disk abnormalities were frequent. Disk displace- ment also occurred in joints with early temporomandibular joint arthritis, i.e., with normal bone shape. Other disk abnor- malities were found in joints with bone abnormalities. Atten- tion should be paid to disk abnormalities both in early and long-standing temporomandibular joint arthritis in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis

• Elkhateeb, Sara M.; Torgersen, Gerald R. & Arnout, Eman A. (2016). Image quality assessment of clinically-applied CBCT protocols using a QAT phantom. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. ISSN 0250-832X. 45(5). doi: 10.1259/dmfr.20160075. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objectives: This study has two main purposes: (1) To evaluate the effect of various clinically-applied protocols (changing FOV, voxel size and tube voltage) on CS 9300 CBCT image quality using its QAT phantom; and (2) to evaluate the efficacy of a newly-designed prototype plugin on ImageJ which was introduced to measure MTF using a modified slanted-edge method. Methods: Using a specifically-constructed QAT phantom, five-image quality parameters were assessed (image uniformity, signal to noise ratio [SNR], contrast, position checking, and the modulation transfer function [MTF] for ten variables, clinically-applied protocols on a Care- Stream (CS) 9300 PREMIUM 3D CBCT device. Results: With FOV and voxel size fixed, high-dose protocols resulted in less image noise and less uniformity. On the other hand, enhanced uniformity was achieved with less kVp. Moreover, high-dose protocols resulted in a high contrast-to-noise ratio. There were significant differences in CNR between 60 and 70 kVp as well as between 70 and 90 kVp. Our study identified no difference between MTF and either voxel size or FOV. Conclusions: The image quality of the CS 9300 CBCT varied with variability in exposure protocols and different voxel sizes. The negative correlation between greater spatial resolution (smaller voxel size) and the MTF shows that the slanted edge method not ideal for MTF evaluation of CBCT, and, therefore, do not recommend using it for this purpose.

• Hol, Caroline; Hellén-Halme, Kristina; Torgersen, Gerald R.; Nilsson, Mats & Møystad, Anne (2015). How do dentists use CBCT in dental clinics? A Norwegian nationwide survey. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6357. 73(3), s. 195–201. doi: 10.3109/00016357.2014.979866. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strindberg, Jerker Edèn; Hol, Caroline; Torgersen, Gerald R.; Møystad, Anne; Nilsson, Mats & Näsström, Karin [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Comparison of Swedish and Norwegian Use of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography: a Questionnaire Study. eJournal of Oral And Maxillofacial Research - JOMR. 6(4), s. e 2–e 2. doi: 10.5037/jomr.2015.6402. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Preus, Hans Ragnar; Torgersen, Gerald R.; Koldsland, Odd Carsten; Hansen, Bjørn Frode; Aass, Anne Merete & Larheim, Tore Arne [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). A new digital tool for radiographic bone level measurements in longitudinal studies. BMC Oral Health. 15(1), s. 1–7. doi: 10.1186/s12903-015-0092-9. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background The reproducibility of measurements on radiographs is influenced by the techniques by which the images as well as the measurements are obtained. Thus, bias resulting from errors in the image and/or image examinations at two points in time may result in wrongful registrations of true biological or pathological changes. The aim of the present study was to propose and evaluate an indirect radiological examination technique, by which bias, when measuring radiographic bone level, could be substantially reduced as compared to the technique using direct mm measurements. Methods A plugin to ImageJ was designed to reduce bias when measuring bone loss on radiographic images. In human dry mandibles, radiographic images of 20 teeth were obtained parallel with the tooth axis (alpha = 0) and at an angle of 30° deviation. The direct technique of measuring radiographic bone level (RBL) and the indirect, length-adjusted RBL were registered by four researchers in a double blinded fashion. Results When mean RBL measured at 0° angle was 7.0 mm, the corresponding mean RBL measured at 30° angle was 7.8 mm, signifying an 11.4 % increase (p = 0.032), whereas the mean length-adjusted RBL increased by 0.6 % (p = 0.9). Conclusions This study showed that the use of the original, direct technique (ImageJ) resulted in markedly biased radiographic bone level at 30° angle, while the proposed indirect length-adjusted technique (ImageJ plugin) did not.

• Pigg, Maria; Baad-Hansen, Lene; Svensson, Peter; Skjelbred, Per & Larheim, Tore Arne (2015). Neuropatisk orofacial smärta - diagnostik och hantering :. Den norske tannlegeforenings Tidende. ISSN 0029-2303. 125(2), s. 134–140. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Morten; Birkeland, Kari; Arvidsson, Linda Zamoline; Stabrun, Anne Elisabeth; Larheim, Tore Arne & Øgaard, Bjørn (2014). Dento-alveolar Changes and Need of Orthodontic Treatment in JIA Patients.Followed from Childhood to Adulthood. Dentistry. doi: 10.4172/2161-1122.S2-003. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Larheim, Tore Arne; Abrahamsson, Anna-Karin; Kristensen, Margareth & Arvidsson, Linda Zamoline (2014). Temporomandibular joint diagnostics using CBCT. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. ISSN 0250-832X. 44(1). doi: 10.1259/dmfr.20140235. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Torgersen, Gerald R.; Hol, Caroline; Møystad, Anne; Hellén-Halme, Kristina & Nilsson, Mats (2014). A phantom for simplified image quality control of dental cone beam computed tomography units. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology. ISSN 2212-4403. 118(5), s. 603–611. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2014.08.003. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Prescott, Trine; Redfors, Eva Maria Cecil; Rustad, Cecilie; Eiklid, Kristin Louise; Geirdal, Amy Østertun & Storhaug, Kari [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). Characterization of a Norwegian Cherubism Cohort; molecular genetic findings, oral manifestations and quality of life. European Journal of Medical Genetics. ISSN 1769-7212. 56(3), s. 131–137. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2012.12.008. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Redfors, Eva Maria Cecil; Jensen, Janicke Liaaen; Storhaug, Kari; Prescon, Trine & Larheim, Tore Arne (2013). Cherubism: panoramic and CT features in adults. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. ISSN 0250-832X. 42(10). doi: 10.1259/dmfr.20130034. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objectives: To describe the panoramic radiographic and CT features of cherubism in an unselected series of 15 adults. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 15 individuals aged 29–84 years with familial non-syndromal molecularly confirmed cherubism were examined with panoramic radiography and CT. Bone abnormalities were analysed and described. Results: 11 (73%) of the 15 adults had mandibular abnormalities. These abnormalities ranged from subtly detectable to severe, and were less prevalent and expansive but could be rather similar to the characteristic image features in children. Unilocular radiolucencies were more common than multilocular radiolucencies, and a specific feature of these abnormalities was that they were exclusively found in the anterior mandible. Conclusions: The radiographic and CT abnormalities of cherubism in adults were frequent and extremely heterogeneous, with some distinct features. © 2013 The Authors. Published by the British Institute of Radiology

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• Arvidsson, Linda Zamoline; Knutsen, Bjørn Mork; Hol, Caroline; Abrahamsson, Anna-Karin; Ottersen, Margareth Kristensen & Larheim, Tore (2019). High-Grade Inflammatory TMJ Diseases and Traumatic TMJ Conditions. Springer Nature. ISBN 9783319994680. 15 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Arvidsson, Linda Zamoline; Knutsen, Bjørn Mork; Hol, Caroline; Abrahamsson, Anna-Karin; Ottersen, Margareth Kristensen & Larheim, Tore (2019). Other Pathologic Conditions of the TMJ. Springer Nature. ISBN 9783319994680. 10 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Larheim, Tore; Knutsen, Bjørn Mork; Hol, Caroline; Abrahamsson, Anna-Karin; Ottersen, Margareth Kristensen & Arvidsson, Linda Zamoline (2019). TMJ Disc Disorders and Osteoarthritis. Springer Nature. ISBN 9783319994680. 19 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Larheim, Tore Arne & Westesson, Per-Lennart (2018). Maxillofacial Imaging Second Edition. Springer. ISBN 9783319533179. 573 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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• Torgersen, Gerald R.; Winsnes, Karianne Ervik; Handal, Trude & Sunde, Pia Titterud (2025). Visualizing AI Decisions in Automated Periapical Index Assessment. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is critical for clinical acceptance of AI models in dental radiology. This study explores the use of XAI—primarily Grad-CAM and LayerCAM—to interpret deep learning-based Periapical Index (PAI) scoring from intraoral radiographs, with a focus on exploring attentions patterns, meaning the areas contributing to the models decision of PAI score. Methods: We trained an open-source deep learning model for PAI classification on 300×300 pixel radiographic clips, using expert-labeled data. Grad-CAM and LayerCAM were applied to visualize model attention, generating class-specific average heatmaps and analyzing individual cases for anatomical plausibility and potential artifacts. Additional XAI methods were explored for comparison. Code and weights will be published together with the main publication. Results: XAI visualizations revealed that model attention patterns systematically varied with PAI class: lower scores showed focused periapical activation, while higher scores exhibited more diffuse and multi-focal attention. Individual heatmaps highlighted both expected anatomical focus and occasional peripheral activations, suggesting areas for further model refinement. LayerCAM and Grad-CAM provided complementary insights into model interpretability. Conclusions: Grad-CAM and related XAI methods offer valuable insights into the decision-making of AI models for PAI scoring. Ongoing work aims to refine XAI techniques and analyze individual attention maps to improve both model performance and interpretability.

• Engebråten, Christian Andersson; Torgersen, Gerald R. & Arvidsson, Linda Zamoline (2025). AI-Derived Metrics for Assessing Panoramic Radiograph Quality. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose Panoramic radiographs are widely used in dental diagnostics, yet image quality remains highly variable due to frequent patient positioning errors, impacting diagnostic reliability and workflow efficiency. While artificial intelligence (AI) has shown promise in automating quality assessment, current evaluation methods often rely on subjective or limited landmark-based criteria, which may not fully leverage the capabilities of modern AI systems. This project aims to develop and explore novel, AI-adapted metrics for the objective assessment of panoramic image quality, focusing on patient positioning parameters such as head tilt and rotation. Positioning errors compromise diagnostic accuracy and necessitate image retakes. The resulting framework will serve both clinical practice and educational settings, providing more objective quality assessment tools that may help improve diagnostic reliability and reduce unnecessary radiation exposure. Methods Using deep learning models architectures, we automatically detect and segment relevant anatomical structures to enable geometric and symmetry-based analyses. These AI-derived metrics will be compared with established evaluation methods and validated against assessments done by a human expert to determine clinical relevance. Results We have fine-tuned deep learning models for segmentation of the mandible, maxilla, and teeth, enabling automated anatomical identification and classification. We compared the AI-derived metrics with traditional landmark-based methods to evaluate their agreement and practical application. Conclusions Our preliminary work demonstrates the feasibility of using AI-based segmentation to support objective image quality assessment in panoramic radiography. We discuss the potential of these new geometric metrics and their similarities and differences compared to established evaluation approaches.

• Maroufi, Sada; Milanovic, Blagica; Hove, Lene Hystad; Høyvik, Ann Catrin; Torgersen, Gerald R. & Fjeld, Katrine Gahre (2025). SimSamBot – Development of an AI-Based Training Robot Assisting Students in Communication with Dementia Patients. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background The increasing prevalence of dementia presents unique challenges for dental professionals, particularly in communication and patient management. Effective communication is critical to providing compassionate, patient-centered care, yet dental students often lack the necessary training to interact confidently with dementia patients. Aims and Objectives This project aims to equip dental students with the skills and knowledge required to communicate effectively with dementia patients. Specific objectives include: 1 Developing a communication training module tailored to dementia care; 2 Enhancing students’ ability to recognize and adapt to the needs of patients with cognitive decline; and 3 Promoting empathy and understanding through experiential learning approaches. Materials and Methods A large language model (LLM) acting as communication robot is supplied with data on the patient groups it simulates. Information is collected through literature reviews and audio recordings of clinical consultations with dementia patients, with consent from the healthcare provider, patient and relatives if needed. Recordings are anonymized and transcribed immediately after consultations, with the original recordings subsequently deleted. Only anonymized data is used in the robot. Results While full implementation is forthcoming, anticipated outcomes include improved student confidence in communicating with dementia patients, enhanced empathy, and better preparedness for clinical practice. Discussion and Conclusion This initiative addresses a critical need in dental education by preparing students for the complexities of dementia care. By fostering effective communication skills, this project aligns with ADEEʼs vision of reimagining education to meet evolving societal needs. The outcomes will contribute to improved oral health care for dementia patients while advancing the pedagogical standards of dental education globally.

• Torgersen, Gerald R.; Torp, Monica Jeanette Wicksell & Mavroudi, Anna (2025). Exploring Generative AI in Dental Education: Student Experiences in Radiology-Focused Curriculum. doi: https:/api.ltb.io/show/ACJTX. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Generative AI tools are increasingly being integrated into education to enhance learning and engagement. This study focuses on the use of an AI assistant in teaching dental hygiene students within a curriculum covering radiation physics, radiation biology, radiation protection, and radiological technology. These topics were chosen based on the teaching expertise of a project team member, ensuring subject matter competency and enabling effective integration of AI to support student learning within a focused and manageable framework. Aims and Objectives The study aims to evaluate how generative AI can support student learning in radiology-related topics for dental hygiene students. Objectives include: - Assessing the impact of AI-assisted learning on student comprehension and engagement. - Collecting qualitative insights into student experiences and perceptions of AI as a learning tool. - Developing pedagogical strategies for integrating AI effectively into radiology education. Materials and methods A mixed-methods approach was employed: - AI Tool Integration: Students used an AI assistant to complete structured tasks related to radiology topics. - Focus Group Interviews: semi-structured interviews were conducted with student participants to collect qualitative data on their experiences. -Iterative Refinement: Feedback from initial activities informed adjustments to both the system prompts and teaching strategies. Results Formal analysis of interview data is ongoing. Preliminary findings, including insights from student and faculty experiences, will be presented and discussed at the ADEE meeting. Discussion and conclusion This study establishes a foundation for exploring how generative AI can be integrated into a focused radiology curriculum for dental hygiene students. While the analysis of interview data is still underway, the findings are anticipated to provide valuable insights into how AI tools influence student engagement, comprehension, and learning processes. These insights will inform future strategies for integrating AI into dental education, with an emphasis on fostering critical thinking and active learning.

• Afnan, Shoresh; Kamboj, Jashan Singh; Riis, Ulf Harald & Bjørnland, Tore (2024). Spyttstein i munngulvet - en kasuistikk. Norsk tannlegeforening Tidende. 134, s. 216–219. doi: 10.56373/2024-3-6. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Torgersen, Gerald & Winsnes, Karianne Ervik (2024). Hot Insights: Explainable AI and Heatmaps for Accurate PAI-Scoring in Endodontic Treatments. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introduction The application of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for pathology detection within dental imaging is rapidly expanding(1). Evaluating the outcome of root canal treatments, particularly using the periapical index (PAI)(2), is crucial in endodontics. Traditionally, PAI scoring involves qualitative judgment following a calibration process. However, as Pythagoras famously noted, there is no such thing as quality in the world; everything is based on numbers. Previous studies have demonstrated the potential of CNNs in automating PAI scoring(3,4). Building on this work, our project, in collaboration with endodontic specialist residents, aims to develop a CNN model for accurate PAI scoring on dental radiographs. This year, our focus shifts to enhancing interpretability by visualizing regions of interest using a Gradient-weighted Class Activation Map (Grad-CAM) (5). By doing so, we aim to uncover the underlying quantitative factors that influence PAI classification. This method not only enhances model transparency but also aligns with the principles of explainable AI, providing valuable insights for clinical decision-making. Methods A set of 300 x 300 pixel clips, centered on the apex and scored by an experienced general dental practitioner working at the Department of endodontics, were used for transfer learning on an EfficientNet B3 model(6) pretrained on the ImageNet dataset(7). When inferencing test images we used the Grad-Cam framework to visualize impact of image areas on choosing different classes. Results The heatmaps show attention localized to the apex on the inferred class. Conclusion Heatmaps provide insight into the areas the model focuses on when determining the class. Further analysis will be conducted to utilize this information to enhance the machine learning approach for PAI scoring. We also plan to use the heatmaps as feedback to the human scorers. References 1. Pauwels R. A brief introduction to concepts and applications of artificial intelligence in dental imaging. Oral Radiol. 2021 Jan;37(1):153–60. 2. Ørstavik D, Kerekes K, Eriksen HM. The periapical index: A scoring system for radiographic assessment of apical periodontitis. Dent Traumatol. 1986 Feb;2(1):20–34. 3. Moidu NP, Sharma S, Chawla A, Kumar V, Logani A. Deep learning for categorization of endodontic lesion based on radiographic periapical index scoring system. Clin Oral Investig. 2022 Jan;26(1):651–8. 4. Pauwels R, Brasil DM, Yamasaki MC, Jacobs R, Bosmans H, Freitas DQ, et al. Artificial intelligence for detection of periapical lesions on intraoral radiographs: Comparison between convolutional neural networks and human observers. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2021 May;131(5):610–6. 5. Selvaraju RR, Cogswell M, Das A, Vedantam R, Parikh D, Batra D. Grad-CAM: Visual Explanations from Deep Networks via Gradient-Based Localization. Int J Comput Vis. 2019 Oct;128(2):336–59. 6. Tan M, Le QV. EfficientNet: Rethinking Model Scaling for Convolutional Neural Networks. 2019 [cited 2024 Aug 1]; Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.11946 7. Yang K, Qinami K, Fei-Fei L, Deng J, Russakovsky O. Towards Fairer Datasets: Filtering and Balancing the Distribution of the People Subtree in the ImageNet Hierarchy. In: Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency. 2020.

• Hol, Caroline; Skoglund, Maria Karoline; Torgersen, Gerald; Møystad, Anne & Hellén-Halme, Kristina (2024). CBCT – klinikkens beste venn? Si meg – hvordan bruker du den? Den norske tannlegeforenings Tidende. ISSN 0029-2303. 134(8), s. 669–669. doi: 10.56373/2024-8-33. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Torgersen, Gerald (2024). Fra Kunstig Intelligens til ekte strålevernkompetanse: AI som Veileder i strålevern og strålefysikk. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Mål: I dette pilotprosjektet utforsker vi anvendelsen av en chatbot basert på avanserte språkmodeller (Large Language Model, LLM) som en pedagogisk assistent for tannhelsestudenter. Disse studentene står overfor utfordrende temaer som stråling, strålevern og radiologisk teknologi, som ofte oppleves som teoretisk komplekse. Med tanke på at eksamensresultatene ikke speiler det ønskede læringsnivået, sikter vi mot å implementere chatboten som en konstant tilgjengelig personlig læringsassistent (24/7/365) for å forbedre forståelsen og læringsutbyttet. Forskning har vist at personlig veiledning, som en-til-en undervisning, kan ha en betydelig positiv effekt på læring. Materiale og metode: Vi benytter oss av en rekke metoder, inkludert anvendelse av kommersielle LLMs (med databehandleravtaler som tilfredsstiller GDPR) tilpasset med spesifikke instruksjoner og matet med fagrelatert innhold samt studentenes forespørsler. På lengre sikt planlegger vi også å finjustere (fine-tune) åpen kildekode LLMs med fagrelevant materiale. Vi har utviklet en spørsmål-og-svar-database ved å bruke dokumenter fra Direktoratet for strålevern og atomtrygghet (DSA), myndighetenes retningslinjer, våre egne undervisningstekster, samt andre åpne kilder på norsk innen dette feltet. Kommersielt tilgjengelige LLMs (som GPT-4, Claude 2 og Bard) har blitt brukt for å generere eksempler til databasen. Gjennomføring: Vi testet bruken av LLM som læringsassistent på en studentgruppe som arbeidet med spesifikke oppgaver. Deres resultater og opplevelser vil bli analysert for å evaluere effektiviteten Presentasjon: Jeg vil gi en kort, men grundig innføring i språkmodeller, hvor jeg utforsker deres funksjonalitet og ulike metoder for å finjustere dem for spesifikke bruksområder. Videre vil jeg diskutere prosessen rundt produksjonen og anvendelsen av treningsdata for disse modellene. Avslutningsvis presenterer jeg de utfordringene jeg har møtt, mine erfaringer så langt, og de oppnådde resultatene.

• Torgersen, Gerald R. & Winsnes, Karianne Ervik (2024). PAI meets AI – Can Artificial Intelligence Perform Classification of Endodontic Treatment Outcomes? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Aim: To identify the most effective convolutional neural network (CNN) model for fine-tuning on a dataset of intraoral radiographs and to evaluate the accuracy of the fine-tuned model in classifying the periapical index (PAI), thereby determining the model‘s capability in accurately reflecting endodontic treatment outcomes. Material and Methods: The model employed anonymized intraoral radiographs with landmarks and PAI scores from endodontic treatments performed at the University of Oslo. Scores were done by master students, residents in endodontics and PHD-candidates. A plugin to ImageJ was used to manually mark landmarks and set the PAI as an indicator for treatment outcome. The PyTorch library in the Python programming language was used to fine-tune and test several pretrained opensource CNN models. Several models including RESNET and VGG19 were fine-tuned on our dataset and tested for accuracy. Results: A fine-tuned VGG19 based model performed best, achieving an accuracy rate of 64%. Conclusion: While applying machine learning to image analysis in standard datasets, such as handwritten digits (MNIST) or flower classification, appears straightforward, the development of a model tailored to endodontic treatment evaluation poses significant challenges. Further results from refinement of training data and experimenting with different CNN models will be presented.

• Torgersen, Gerald R. (2024). Teach me some Radiation Physics - Large Language Models as Teaching Assistants in Oral Radiology. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Aim: To develop Large language models (LLM) that can serve as a personal teaching assistant fluent in the Norwegian language within the fields of radiation physics, biology, protection, and radiological technology. The model would give up-to-date knowledge on local radiation protection regulations and relevant clinical and technological aspects while enhancing students’ comprehension and engagement with the material. Materials and methods: We created a database of more than 6000 question/answer pairs relevant to the curriculum for dentist and dental hygienist students in Norway. Specially instructed LLMs were used for creating the data. We fine-tuned the Meta Llama 2 model, which was one of the most advanced open-source models with acceptable knowledge of the Norwegian language on this data. We also used the database as source for a retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) approach to align foundation models with the learning outcomes. Results: None of the approaches has yet resulted in an acceptable outcome. Different approaches, challenges and shortcomings will be presented and discussed. Conclusion: Further research on how to align models with the pedagogical and professional requirements is needed. The project is ongoing and efforts on further enhancement of fine-tuning and improvement of the RAG approach to align the models will be reported.

• Vestengen, Ingvild Kibsgaard (2024). DESIGNING A MODELLING TASK ABOUT PEATLANDS. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Torgersen, Gerald (2023). Happy Teacher, Happier Students - Boosting Learning Outcomes in Theoretical Subjects with a Dash of Entertainment and a Pinch of AI Magic. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Teaching radiation physics, radiation protection, and radiological technology can be challenging, as students may not always share the same passion for these subjects as their educators. This workshop aims to share and explore methods that make these subjects more engaging and accessible for students, with a particular focus on orthodontic applications. Creativity, technology, and the incorporation of AI tools will be central to our approach.

• Torgersen, Gerald; Mavroudi, Anna & Torp, Monica Jeanette Wicksell (2023). KI-assistert Læring: Språkmodeller som undervisningsassistent. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Tannleger og tannpleiere trenger kompetanse i stråling, strålevern og radiologisk teknologi i sin yrkesutøvelse. Derfor er det en del av pensum i deres studium i oral radiologi. Mange studenter opplever dette emnet som krevende. For å støtte læringsprosessen, utforsker vi bruk av en KI-verktøy, drevet av avanserte språkmodeller, for å forstå disse komplekse temaene. Språkmodeller kan noen ganger generere misvisende informasjon, en utfordring kjent som "hallusinering". Dessuten mangler de ofte spesialisert fagkunnskap. For å møte disse utfordringene, har vi utviklet et norskspråklig datasett spesifikt for vårt fagfelt. Dette datasettet hjelper oss å skreddersy språkmodellene til våre behov. Vi bruker en tilpasset versjon av OpenAI GPT-4, driftet av UiO og kompatibel med GDPR, som integrerer vårt datasett for å gi mer presise svar på studentenes spørsmål. Dette sikrer at studentene får bedre veiledning enn hva standard språkmodeller kan tilby. Vi skal prøve dette verktøyet med første års bachelorstudenter i tannpleie, hvor de vil benytte det i arbeidet med korte essayoppgaver. Verktøyet vil være tilgjengelig for utvalgte oppgaver. Vi vil evaluere studentenes erfaringer med verktøyet gjennom intervjuer og eventuelt spørreskjemaer. Vi vil også analysere oppgavesvarene for å identifisere eventuelle forskjeller som kan tilskrives bruken av KI. På Utdanningskonferansen vil vi ha med oss en laptop der vi kan demonstrere systemet vårt og deltakere kan også selv prøve det. Vi håper å få interessante diskusjoner med kolleger rundt både de tekniske og de pedagogiske sidene av prosjektet.

• Torgersen, Gerald; Javed, Ayesha & Gustavsson, Miriam (2023). Drill, fill, chat …Kunstig intelligens – noen erfaringer fra odontologisk fakultet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Erfaringer fra lærer og to studenter i bruk av ChatGPT til undervisnings- og læringsrelaterte aktiviteter.

• Hol, Caroline; Arvidsson, Linda Zamoline; Larheim, Tore Arne; Bjørnland, Tore & Mork-Knutsen, Peer Olaf (2022). Radiologically diagnosed temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis 10 and 30 years after diskectomy. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Torgersen, Gerald R. (2022). Når fotonene danser - strålevern i praksis. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Hva er egentlig røntgenstråling? • Hvordan påvirker den mennesker? • Og hvordan bruker vi den til å oppnå optimale røntgenbilder med lavest mulig stråledose? Disse spørsmålene krever kompliserte svar og kan ikke dekkes på en halvtime. Dette blir en kort intro- duksjon som forhåpentligvis både er lærerik og litt underholdende. Målet med foredraget er at du tar med deg noen nye impulser som hjelper deg å jobbe sikrere og bedre når du utfører røntgenundersøkelser. MÅLGRUPPE: Tannhelsekretærer

• Hol, Caroline; Mork-Knutsen, Peer Olaf; Larheim, Tore Arne; Bjørnland, Tore & Arvidsson, Linda Zamoline (2022). Temporomandibular joint diskectomy without disk replacement: Radiological 10- and 30-year follow-up. Clinical 30-year follow-up. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jemterud, Torkild; Bøhn, Einar Duenger; Løseth, Guro & Skogvoll, Vidar (2022). Abels tårn på Øya - Hvordan piffe opp daff festivaløl? [Radio]. P2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Torgersen, Gerald; Lange, Thomas de; Ahlqvist, Jan; Jäghagen, Eva Levring & Møystad, Anne (2022). A comparative study of students perceptions of post-exam feedback in oral radiology - A teachers experience. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introduction Post-exam feedback aims to provide students with insight into their performances and enable them to identify knowledge gaps to guide further learning. According to a survey, giving post-exam feedback is mandatory in half of the responding universities in Europe. The aim of this study was to assess dental hygienist students’ perceptions of their learning gains from post-exam sessions in a university with (Umea) and without (Oslo) mandatory post-exam feedback and to compare differences in arrangements with the purpose of improving the quality of post-exam feedback. Materials and Methods The sessions were carried out among dental hygienist students from Umea University, Sweden and from University of Oslo, Norway. The post-exam feedback in Umea was given simultaneously with the exam results, while the session in Oslo was held after the students had received their results. The study was based on a qualitative approach, with two student focus group interviews conducted in each study context (Umea, n=13/Oslo, n=5). All the interviews were led by an unbiased external researcher. The interviews were transcribed verbatim, and a content analysis was performed to identify patterns in participant experiences and perceptions. The teachers subjective experience and thoughts of the activity will be reported. Results (Preliminary) Students from both contexts, with and without previous experience, appreciated the post-exam feedback, citing the learning benefits by clearing up uncertainties and revealing knowledge gaps and misconceptions. Students from Umea reported a somewhat stressful experience having simultaneously received their grades and during the feedback session, a tension that was not reported in Oslo. Most students suggested that the post-exam feedback sessions should always be carried out and last longer. Conclusions Post-exam feedback appears to support student learning. The reported learning outcomes depend on how the session is organized and this requires further investigation.

• Markussen, Hege; Torgersen, Gerald R. & Møystad, Anne (2021). Alternative clinical practice using recorded video demonstrations for oral radiology - a pandemic measure. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Abrahamsson, Anna-Karin (2019). Unge kjever med slitasjegikt? Radiologisk oppfølging av ungdommer med kjeveledds-destruksjon. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Slitasjegikt - eller artrose (engelsk: osteoarthritis) - er noe vi forbinder med eldre mennesker. Nyere forskning viser at artrose-lignende forandringer forekommer i kjeveledd hos ungdommer. Omtrent en av tre av dem som er plaget av ansiktssmerter og funksjonsforstyrrelser er rammet. Kjeveledds-destruksjon, også kalt erosjon, er et av de radiologiske tegnene som ofte skaper frykt for progresjon og utvikling av bittforandringer og ansiktsanomalier når de oppdages hos unge individer. Foredraget sammenfatter hovedfunnene av en radiologisk follow-up studie av ungdommer med erosive kjeveledds-forandringer.

• Hol, Caroline; Larheim, Tore Arne & Arvidsson, Linda Zamoline (2019). Bony abnormalities consistent with osteoarthritis is common 10 years after discectomy in the TMJ. A preliminary report. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Larheim, Tore Arne; Westesson, Per-Lennart; Smith, H.-J. & Koppang, Hanna Strømme (2018). Benign Jaw Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions, Maxillofacial Imaging Second Edition. Springer. ISSN 9783319533179. s. 57–128. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Larheim, Tore Arne; Westesson, Per-Lennart; Smith, H.-J. & Koppang, Hanna Strømme (2018). Jaw Cysts and Cyst-Like Conditions, Maxillofacial Imaging Second Edition. Springer. ISSN 9783319533179. s. 23–56. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Larheim, Tore Arne; Westesson, Per-Lennart; Støre, Geir & Smith, H.-J. (2018). Jaw Infections, Maxillofacial Imaging Second Edition. Springer. ISSN 9783319533179. s. 179–213. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Larheim, Tore Arne; Westesson, Per-Lennart; Smith, H.-J. & Støre, Geir (2018). Malignant Tumors in Jaws, Maxillofacial Imaging Second Edition. Springer. ISSN 9783319533179. s. 129–178. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Larheim, Tore Arne; Westesson, Per-Lennart & Smith, H.-J. (2018). Paranasal Sinuses, Maxillofacial Imaging Second Edition. Springer. ISSN 9783319533179. s. 349–384. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Larheim, Tore Arne; Westesson, Per-Lennart; Kakimoto, N & Smith, H.-J. (2018). Maxillofacial Imaging Anatomy, Maxillofacial Imaging Second Edition. Springer. ISSN 9783319533179. s. 1–21. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Larheim, Tore Arne; Westesson, Per-Lennart & Kakimoto, N (2018). Teeth and Dental Implants, Maxillofacial Imaging Second Edition. Springer. ISSN 9783319533179. s. 271–286. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Larheim, Tore Arne; Arvidsson, Linda Zamoline; Ottersen, Margareth Kristensen; Abrahamsson, Anna-Karin & Hol, Caroline (2018). Radiologisk utredning. I Julsvoll, Elisabeth Heggem (Red.), Temporomandibulær dysfunksjon: Teori, undersøkelse og behandling. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202557799. s. 148–160. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Larheim, Tore Arne; Westesson, Per-Lennart & Smith, H.-J. (2018). Temporomandibular Joints, Maxillofacial Imaging Second Edition. Springer. ISSN 9783319533179. s. 215–269. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Larheim, Tore Arne; Westesson, Per-Lennart; Kolbenstvedt, Alf & Smith, H.-J. (2018). Salivary Glands, Maxillofacial Imaging Second Edition. Springer. ISSN 9783319533179. s. 413–445. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Larheim, Tore Arne; Westesson, Per-Lennart; Kolbenstvedt, Alf & Smith, H.-J. (2018). Maxillofacial Soft Tissues, Maxillofacial Imaging Second Edition. Springer. ISSN 9783319533179. s. 385–411. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Larheim, Tore Arne; Westesson, Per-Lennart; Blaser, Susan I. & Kakimoto, N (2018). Facial Growth Disturbances, Maxillofacial Imaging Second Edition. Springer. ISSN 9783319533179. s. 313–347. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Larheim, Tore Arne & Westesson, Per-Lennart (2018). Facial Traumas and Fractures, Maxillofacial Imaging Second Edition. Springer. ISSN 9783319533179. s. 287–312. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Larheim, Tore Arne; Westesson, Per-Lennart; Sidhu, R & Kakimoto, N (2018). Adjacent Structures: Cervical Spine, Neck, Skull Base and Orbit, Maxillofacial Imaging Second Edition. Springer. ISSN 9783319533179. s. 447–498. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Larheim, Tore Arne; Westesson, Per-Lennart; Knutsen, Bjørn Mork; Riis, Ulf Harald; Hol, Caroline & Redfors, Eva Maria Cecil [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Cone Beam Computed Tomography, Maxillofacial Imaging Second Edition. Springer. ISSN 9783319533179. s. 515–562. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Larheim, Tore Arne & Westesson, Per-Lennart (2018). Interventional Maxillofacial Radiology, Maxillofacial Imaging Second Edition. Springer. ISSN 9783319533179. s. 499–513. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Torgersen, Gerald R. & Hol, Caroline (2018). Tannpleieren – en ekspert i strålevern. Tannstikka : tidsskrift for Norsk tannpleierforening. ISSN 1501-8636. 2018(2), s. 8–14. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Torgersen, Gerald R.; Lange, Thomas de & Møystad, Anne (2018). Can the use of student created videos enhance learning in oral radiology? Student experiences based on a pilot study. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kellenberger, Christian J.; Abramowicz, S; Arvidsson, Linda Zamoline; Kirkhus, Eva Astrid; Tzaribachev, N & Larheim, Tore Arne (2018). Recommendations for a Standard Magnetic Resonance Imaging Protocol of Temporomandibular Joints in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery. ISSN 0278-2391. 76(12), s. 2463–2465. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2018.06.027. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Arvidsson, Linda Zamoline; Hol, Caroline; Torgersen, Gerald R. & Wikan, Kristine (2017). Workshop om strålevern i tannhelseprofesjonsutdanningene. Den norske tannlegeforenings Tidende. ISSN 0029-2303. 127(11), s. 1016–1017. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Torgersen, Gerald R.; Arvidsson, Linda Zamoline & Kristine, Wikan (2017). Workshop om strålevern i tannhelseprofesjonsutdanningene. Tannstikka : tidsskrift for Norsk tannpleierforening. ISSN 1501-8636. s. 26–27. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Torgersen, Gerald R.; Møystad, Anne; Hol, Caroline; Hellén-Halme, Kristina; Strindberg, Jerker Edén & Näsström, Karin [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). CBCT constancy controls: How user-friendly is the new phantom? Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology. ISSN 2212-4403. 121(3), s. 343–344. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2015.11.014. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Torgersen, Gerald R.; Møystad, Anne; Hol, Caroline; Hellén-Halme, Kristina; Strindberg, Jerker Edén & Näsström, Karin [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). CBCT constancy controls: How user friendly is the new phantom? A pilot study. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fjeld, Morten; Birkeland, Kari; Stabrun, Anne Elisabeth; Arvidsson, Linda Zamoline & Øgaard, Bjørn (2013). Malocclusion and need for orthodontic treatment in young juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hol, Caroline; Møystad, Anne; Hellén-Halme, Kristina; Torgersen, Gerald R. & Nilsson, Mats (2013). Workflow and experiences in Norwegian clinicsusing dental CBCT units: A questionnaire study. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nilsson, Mats; Torgersen, Gerald R.; Hellén-Halme, Kristina; Møystad, Anne & Hol, Caroline (2013). A Simple And Inexpensive Phantom For Quality Control Of CBCT Units. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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