Gerald Torgersen

• Katle, Erik; Zandi, Homan; Pedersen, Deniz; Sunde, Pia Titterud; Torgersen, Gerald R. & Ørstavik, Dag Solmund (2024). Radiographic outcome of endodontic treatment and retreatment of teeth with apical periodontitis using two different root canal irrigants. A prospective cohort study. International Endodontic Journal. ISSN 0143-2885. 57(3), s. 297–304. doi: 10.1111/iej.14019.
• de Lange, Thomas; Møystad, Anne; Torgersen, Gerald R.; Ahlqvist, Jan & Levring Jäghagen, Eva (2023). Students' perceptions of post-exam feedback in oral radiology—A comparative study from two dental hygienist educational settings. European journal of dental education. ISSN 1396-5883. s. 1–11. doi: 10.1111/eje.12959. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kubberød, Jon Olav; Torgersen, Gerald R.; Gjermo, Per E; Baelum, Vibeke & Preus, Hans Ragnar (2023). Five-year radiological findings from a randomized controlled trial of four periodontitis treatment strategies. European Journal of Oral Sciences. ISSN 0909-8836. doi: 10.1111/eos.12949. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jäghagen, Eva Levring; de Lange, Thomas; Torgersen, Gerald; Møystad, Anne & Ahlqvist, Jan (2023). The use of post-exam feedback in oral radiology: A survey study of dental and dental hygienist schools in Europe . European journal of dental education. ISSN 1396-5883. s. 1048–1052. doi: 10.1111/eje.12897. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Young, Alix; Skudutyte-Rysstad, Rasa; Torgersen, Gerald R. & Giertsen, Elin (2022). Teaching radiographic caries detection and treatment planning: A seminar using an audience response system. Caries Research. ISSN 0008-6568. 56(3), s. 226–233. doi: 10.1159/000526109. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jordal, Kristin; Skudutyte-Rysstad, Rasa; Sen, Abhijit; Torgersen, Gerald; Ørstavik, Dag & Sunde, Pia Titterud (2021). Effects of an individualized training course on technical quality and periapical status of teeth treated endodontically by dentists in the Public Dental Service in Norway. An observational intervention study. International Endodontic Journal. ISSN 0143-2885. doi: 10.1111/iej.13669. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Aim: To investigate the effect of a continuing education course on technical quality and treatment outcome for root filled permanent teeth in Møre and Romsdal County, Norway. Methodology: Fifty-two dentists employed in the Public Dental Service in Møre and Romsdal county, Norway, completed a two-day continuing education course in root canal treatment. Periapical radiographs of root filled teeth treated before and after the course, with at least one-year follow-up were identified and scored for technical quality and periapical status. Technical root filling quality was assessed by density and length and the treatment outcome by PAI scores. Treatment information was achieved from the county's electronic dental record system. Information regarding the dental practitioners' background and treatment procedure routines was collected by a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics analyses and mixed-effect logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of the course. Results: Radiographs were available for 224 teeth root filled before and for 221 teeth after the course. The proportion of teeth with adequate root filling quality was significantly lower after the course (p =0.006), associated mainly with short root fillings (p 18 years. Conclusions: A two-day continuing education course in root canal treatment attended by Public Dental Service dentists in Norway did not improve the technical quality of root fillings or periapical status associated with root filled teeth. Keywords: apical periodontitis; continuing education; endodontics; general dental practitioner; reciprocating technique; root filling quality.

• Knivsberg, Ina Charlotte; Kopperud, Simen E.; Bjørk, Mai-Britt; Torgersen, Gerald; Kocent Skramstad, Katarzyna Ewa & Kvaal, Sigrid I. (2021). Digitalised exercise material in forensic odontology. International journal of legal medicine (Print). ISSN 0937-9827. doi: 10.1007/s00414-021-02740-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• de Lange, Thomas; Møystad, Anne & Torgersen, Gerald R. (2020). How can video‐based assignments integrate practical and conceptual knowledge in summative assessment? Student experiences from a longitudinal experiment. British Educational Research Journal (BERJ). ISSN 0141-1926. doi: 10.1002/berj.3632. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This article focuses on how video assignments presenting clinical situations can be implemented in digital summative assessment to enhance the integration of practical and conceptual knowledge. The underlying perspective is that sustainable assessment should comprise evaluative practices that equip students for the challenges they will face in their future professional lives. Drawing on the literature and on empirical results of a qualitative longitudinal research study at a Norwegian university, the integrative potential and challenges of video assignments are examined. The study confirms that video‐based assignments are well suited for assessing integrated competencies. However, the complexities of videos’ visual displays have clear consequences that indicate how these resources should be produced. To optimise the potential of video use in enhancing sustainable summative assessment, we must strike a balance between technical accommodation, task clarity and integrative potential.

• Ketharanthan, Vimalan; Torgersen, Gerald R.; Petrovski, Beata & Preus, Hans Ragnar (2019). Radiographic alveolar bone level and levels of serum 25-OH-Vitamin D3 in ethnic Norwegian and Tamil periodontitis patients and their periodontally healthy controls. BMC Oral Health. ISSN 1472-6831. 19(1). doi: 10.1186/s12903-019-0769-6. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Studies suggest association between low serum 25-OH-Vitamin D3 (VitD) and chronic destructive periodontal diseases. The main sources of VitD is sun exposure and fat fish. Subjects with dark skin will therefore generate less VitD as response to sun exposure. The aim of the study was to assess the radiographic bone level and levels of serum VitD in ethnic Norwegian and Tamil periodontitis patients and their respective healthy controls. Methods Twenty-seven Tamil periodontitis patients living in Norway were compared to 21 Tamil controls as well as to 21 Norwegian periodontitis patients and 23 Norwegian controls. Marginal bone level was diagnosed on radiographs. VitD levels were diagnosed in blood samples by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results VitD levels were lower in Norwegian periodontitis patients than in controls, while no significant differences were observed between Tamil periodontitis patients and controls despite the significant difference between RBL between the periodontitis patients and controls in both groups. When calculating the odds ratio for having periodontal disease in both populations together, it appeared that one unit increased serum VitD (i.e. 1 nmol/L) decreased the odds of having radiographic bone loss by 4%. Conclusion According to logistic regression, and after correcting for confounding factors, VitD levels showed significant association with the presence of periodontitis, as expressed by radiographic bone loss, in all patients combined.

• de Lange, Thomas; Møystad, Anne & Torgersen, Gerald R. (2018). Increasing clinical relevance in oral radiology: Benefits and challenges when implementing digital assessment. European journal of dental education. ISSN 1396-5883. 22(3), s. 198–208. doi: 10.1111/eje.12326. Vis sammendrag

  Abstract Aims The aims of the study were to investigate benefits and challenges in implementing a digital examination and study the clinical relevance of the digital examination in relation to clinical training and practice. Material and method The study was based on semi‐structured focus‐group interviews from two distinct student populations (2016 and 2017) in a bachelor programme in dental hygiene. In addition, conversational data from a plenary discussion from the whole second student population (2017) were collected and analysed. The data were approached on basis of content analysis. Results A benefit experienced in the digital examination was the ease in typing and editing answers on the computer. This suggests an increased effectiveness in computer‐based compared to analogue examinations. An additional advantage was the experienced relevance of the examination related to the clinic. This finding refers not only to the digital presentations of images, but also to the entire setting in the clinic and dental practice. The limitations reported by the students were non‐optimal viewing conditions for presenting radiographic images and difficulties in obtaining an overview of the assignments compared to paper‐based examinations due to the linear digital examination format. The last finding on lacking overview revealed an influence on student performances which should be taken seriously in designing digital examinations. Conclusion In conclusion, the digital layout increases efficiency and clinical relevance of examinations to a certain extent. Obstacles were found in limitations related to image presentation and lack of overview of the examination. The latter challenge raises questions related to developing suitable assessment software.

• Elkhateeb, Sara M.; Torgersen, Gerald R. & Arnout, Eman A. (2016). Image quality assessment of clinically-applied CBCT protocols using a QAT phantom. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. ISSN 0250-832X. 45(5). doi: 10.1259/dmfr.20160075. Vis sammendrag

  Objectives: This study has two main purposes: (1) To evaluate the effect of various clinically-applied protocols (changing FOV, voxel size and tube voltage) on CS 9300 CBCT image quality using its QAT phantom; and (2) to evaluate the efficacy of a newly-designed prototype plugin on ImageJ which was introduced to measure MTF using a modified slanted-edge method. Methods: Using a specifically-constructed QAT phantom, five-image quality parameters were assessed (image uniformity, signal to noise ratio [SNR], contrast, position checking, and the modulation transfer function [MTF] for ten variables, clinically-applied protocols on a Care- Stream (CS) 9300 PREMIUM 3D CBCT device. Results: With FOV and voxel size fixed, high-dose protocols resulted in less image noise and less uniformity. On the other hand, enhanced uniformity was achieved with less kVp. Moreover, high-dose protocols resulted in a high contrast-to-noise ratio. There were significant differences in CNR between 60 and 70 kVp as well as between 70 and 90 kVp. Our study identified no difference between MTF and either voxel size or FOV. Conclusions: The image quality of the CS 9300 CBCT varied with variability in exposure protocols and different voxel sizes. The negative correlation between greater spatial resolution (smaller voxel size) and the MTF shows that the slanted edge method not ideal for MTF evaluation of CBCT, and, therefore, do not recommend using it for this purpose.

• Strindberg, Jerker Edèn; Hol, Caroline; Torgersen, Gerald R.; Møystad, Anne; Nilsson, Mats & Näsström, Karin [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Comparison of Swedish and Norwegian Use of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography: a Questionnaire Study. eJournal of Oral And Maxillofacial Research - JOMR. ISSN 2029-283X. 6(4). doi: 10.5037/jomr.2015.6402.
• Preus, Hans Ragnar; Torgersen, Gerald R.; Koldsland, Odd Carsten; Hansen, Bjørn Frode; Aass, Anne Merete & Larheim, Tore Arne [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). A new digital tool for radiographic bone level measurements in longitudinal studies. BMC Oral Health. ISSN 1472-6831. 15(1), s. 1–7. doi: 10.1186/s12903-015-0092-9.
• Hol, Caroline; Hellén-Halme, Kristina; Torgersen, Gerald R.; Nilsson, Mats & Møystad, Anne (2015). How do dentists use CBCT in dental clinics? A Norwegian nationwide survey. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6357. 73(3), s. 195–201. doi: 10.3109/00016357.2014.979866.
• Torgersen, Gerald R.; Hol, Caroline; Møystad, Anne; Hellén-Halme, Kristina & Nilsson, Mats (2014). A phantom for simplified image quality control of dental cone beam computed tomography units. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology. ISSN 2212-4403. 118(5), s. 603–611. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2014.08.003.

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• Torgersen, Gerald (2024). Fra Kunstig Intelligens til ekte strålevernkompetanse: AI som Veileder i strålevern og strålefysikk. Vis sammendrag

  Mål: I dette pilotprosjektet utforsker vi anvendelsen av en chatbot basert på avanserte språkmodeller (Large Language Model, LLM) som en pedagogisk assistent for tannhelsestudenter. Disse studentene står overfor utfordrende temaer som stråling, strålevern og radiologisk teknologi, som ofte oppleves som teoretisk komplekse. Med tanke på at eksamensresultatene ikke speiler det ønskede læringsnivået, sikter vi mot å implementere chatboten som en konstant tilgjengelig personlig læringsassistent (24/7/365) for å forbedre forståelsen og læringsutbyttet. Forskning har vist at personlig veiledning, som en-til-en undervisning, kan ha en betydelig positiv effekt på læring. Materiale og metode: Vi benytter oss av en rekke metoder, inkludert anvendelse av kommersielle LLMs (med databehandleravtaler som tilfredsstiller GDPR) tilpasset med spesifikke instruksjoner og matet med fagrelatert innhold samt studentenes forespørsler. På lengre sikt planlegger vi også å finjustere (fine-tune) åpen kildekode LLMs med fagrelevant materiale. Vi har utviklet en spørsmål-og-svar-database ved å bruke dokumenter fra Direktoratet for strålevern og atomtrygghet (DSA), myndighetenes retningslinjer, våre egne undervisningstekster, samt andre åpne kilder på norsk innen dette feltet. Kommersielt tilgjengelige LLMs (som GPT-4, Claude 2 og Bard) har blitt brukt for å generere eksempler til databasen. Gjennomføring: Vi testet bruken av LLM som læringsassistent på en studentgruppe som arbeidet med spesifikke oppgaver. Deres resultater og opplevelser vil bli analysert for å evaluere effektiviteten Presentasjon: Jeg vil gi en kort, men grundig innføring i språkmodeller, hvor jeg utforsker deres funksjonalitet og ulike metoder for å finjustere dem for spesifikke bruksområder. Videre vil jeg diskutere prosessen rundt produksjonen og anvendelsen av treningsdata for disse modellene. Avslutningsvis presenterer jeg de utfordringene jeg har møtt, mine erfaringer så langt, og de oppnådde resultatene.

• Torgersen, Gerald; Mavroudi, Anna & Torp, Monica Jeanette Wicksell (2023). KI-assistert Læring: Språkmodeller som undervisningsassistent. Vis sammendrag

  Tannleger og tannpleiere trenger kompetanse i stråling, strålevern og radiologisk teknologi i sin yrkesutøvelse. Derfor er det en del av pensum i deres studium i oral radiologi. Mange studenter opplever dette emnet som krevende. For å støtte læringsprosessen, utforsker vi bruk av en KI-verktøy, drevet av avanserte språkmodeller, for å forstå disse komplekse temaene. Språkmodeller kan noen ganger generere misvisende informasjon, en utfordring kjent som "hallusinering". Dessuten mangler de ofte spesialisert fagkunnskap. For å møte disse utfordringene, har vi utviklet et norskspråklig datasett spesifikt for vårt fagfelt. Dette datasettet hjelper oss å skreddersy språkmodellene til våre behov. Vi bruker en tilpasset versjon av OpenAI GPT-4, driftet av UiO og kompatibel med GDPR, som integrerer vårt datasett for å gi mer presise svar på studentenes spørsmål. Dette sikrer at studentene får bedre veiledning enn hva standard språkmodeller kan tilby. Vi skal prøve dette verktøyet med første års bachelorstudenter i tannpleie, hvor de vil benytte det i arbeidet med korte essayoppgaver. Verktøyet vil være tilgjengelig for utvalgte oppgaver. Vi vil evaluere studentenes erfaringer med verktøyet gjennom intervjuer og eventuelt spørreskjemaer. Vi vil også analysere oppgavesvarene for å identifisere eventuelle forskjeller som kan tilskrives bruken av KI. På Utdanningskonferansen vil vi ha med oss en laptop der vi kan demonstrere systemet vårt og deltakere kan også selv prøve det. Vi håper å få interessante diskusjoner med kolleger rundt både de tekniske og de pedagogiske sidene av prosjektet.

• Torgersen, Gerald; Javed, Ayesha & Gustavsson, Miriam (2023). Drill, fill, chat …Kunstig intelligens – noen erfaringer fra odontologisk fakultet. Vis sammendrag

  Erfaringer fra lærer og to studenter i bruk av ChatGPT til undervisnings- og læringsrelaterte aktiviteter.

• Torgersen, Gerald (2023). Happy Teacher, Happier Students - Boosting Learning Outcomes in Theoretical Subjects with a Dash of Entertainment and a Pinch of AI Magic. Vis sammendrag

  Teaching radiation physics, radiation protection, and radiological technology can be challenging, as students may not always share the same passion for these subjects as their educators. This workshop aims to share and explore methods that make these subjects more engaging and accessible for students, with a particular focus on orthodontic applications. Creativity, technology, and the incorporation of AI tools will be central to our approach.

• Torgersen, Gerald; de Lange, Thomas; Ahlqvist, Jan; Levring Jäghagen, Eva & Møystad, Anne (2022). A comparative study of students perceptions of post-exam feedback in oral radiology - A teachers experience. Vis sammendrag

  Introduction Post-exam feedback aims to provide students with insight into their performances and enable them to identify knowledge gaps to guide further learning. According to a survey, giving post-exam feedback is mandatory in half of the responding universities in Europe. The aim of this study was to assess dental hygienist students’ perceptions of their learning gains from post-exam sessions in a university with (Umea) and without (Oslo) mandatory post-exam feedback and to compare differences in arrangements with the purpose of improving the quality of post-exam feedback. Materials and Methods The sessions were carried out among dental hygienist students from Umea University, Sweden and from University of Oslo, Norway. The post-exam feedback in Umea was given simultaneously with the exam results, while the session in Oslo was held after the students had received their results. The study was based on a qualitative approach, with two student focus group interviews conducted in each study context (Umea, n=13/Oslo, n=5). All the interviews were led by an unbiased external researcher. The interviews were transcribed verbatim, and a content analysis was performed to identify patterns in participant experiences and perceptions. The teachers subjective experience and thoughts of the activity will be reported. Results (Preliminary) Students from both contexts, with and without previous experience, appreciated the post-exam feedback, citing the learning benefits by clearing up uncertainties and revealing knowledge gaps and misconceptions. Students from Umea reported a somewhat stressful experience having simultaneously received their grades and during the feedback session, a tension that was not reported in Oslo. Most students suggested that the post-exam feedback sessions should always be carried out and last longer. Conclusions Post-exam feedback appears to support student learning. The reported learning outcomes depend on how the session is organized and this requires further investigation.

• Torgersen, Gerald R. (2022). Når fotonene danser - strålevern i praksis. Vis sammendrag

  Hva er egentlig røntgenstråling? • Hvordan påvirker den mennesker? • Og hvordan bruker vi den til å oppnå optimale røntgenbilder med lavest mulig stråledose? Disse spørsmålene krever kompliserte svar og kan ikke dekkes på en halvtime. Dette blir en kort intro- duksjon som forhåpentligvis både er lærerik og litt underholdende. Målet med foredraget er at du tar med deg noen nye impulser som hjelper deg å jobbe sikrere og bedre når du utfører røntgenundersøkelser. MÅLGRUPPE: Tannhelsekretærer

• Young Vik, Alix ; Torgersen, Gerald R.; Giertsen, Elin & Skudutyte-Rysstad, Rasa (2021). Use of a student response system for teaching radiographic caries detection and treatment planning.
• Markussen, Hege; Torgersen, Gerald R. & Møystad, Anne (2021). Alternative clinical practice using recorded video demonstrations for oral radiology - a pandemic measure.
• de Lange, Thomas; Ahlqvist, Jan; Levring Jäghagen, Eva; Torgersen, Gerald R. & Møystad, Anne (2021). Students’ perceptions of post-exam feedback in oral radiology—A comparative study from two dental hygienist educational settings.
• Torgersen, Gerald R.; de Lange, Thomas & Møystad, Anne (2018). Can the use of student created videos enhance learning in oral radiology? Student experiences based on a pilot study.
• Torgersen, Gerald R. & Hol, Caroline (2018). Tannpleieren – en ekspert i strålevern. Tannstikka : tidsskrift for Norsk tannpleierforening. ISSN 1501-8636. 2018(2), s. 8–14.
• Torgersen, Gerald R.; Arvidsson, Linda Zamoline & Kristine, Wikan (2017). Workshop om strålevern i tannhelseprofesjonsutdanningene. Tannstikka : tidsskrift for Norsk tannpleierforening. ISSN 1501-8636. s. 26–27.
• Arvidsson, Linda Zamoline; Hol, Caroline; Torgersen, Gerald R. & Wikan, Kristine (2017). Workshop om strålevern i tannhelseprofesjonsutdanningene. Den norske tannlegeforenings tidende. ISSN 0029-2303. 127(11), s. 1016–1017.
• de Lange, Thomas; Torgersen, Gerald R. & Møystad, Anne (2017). Digitising Summative assessment in dental education, benefits and challenges.
• Torgersen, Gerald R.; Møystad, Anne & de Lange, Thomas (2017). Increasing clinical relevance in oral radiology through computerIncreasing clinical relevance in oral radio.
• Torgersen, Gerald R.; Møystad, Anne; Hol, Caroline; Hellén-Halme, Kristina; Edén Strindberg, Jerker & Näsström, Karin [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). CBCT constancy controls: How user-friendly is the new phantom? Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology. ISSN 2212-4403. 121(3), s. 343–344. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2015.11.014.
• Torgersen, Gerald R.; Møystad, Anne; Hol, Caroline; Hellén-Halme, Kristina; Edén Strindberg, Jerker & Näsström, Karin [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). CBCT constancy controls: How user friendly is the new phantom? A pilot study.
• Torgersen, Gerald R. (2013). Litt om stråling og strålevern. Vis sammendrag

  Kurs for tannhelsesekretærer og tannpleiere: Litt strålefysikk og - biologi Stråledoser Regelverk Praktisk strålevern

• Hol, Caroline; Møystad, Anne; Hellén-Halme, Kristina; Torgersen, Gerald R. & Nilsson, Mats (2013). Workflow and experiences in Norwegian clinicsusing dental CBCT units: A questionnaire study.
• Torgersen, Gerald R. (2013). Litt om stråling og strålevern for pedodontister. Vis sammendrag

  Forelesning innen temaene: Strålebiologi Stråledoser Optimalisering innen dental radiologi Med vekt på kommunikasjon med: Foreldre Barn Gravide mennesker

• Torgersen, Gerald R. (2013). Litt om stråling og strålevern. Vis sammendrag

  Kort forelesning innen temaene: Litt strålefysikk og - biologi Stråledoser Regelverk Praktisk strålevern

• Nilsson, Mats; Torgersen, Gerald R.; Hellén-Halme, Kristina; Møystad, Anne & Hol, Caroline (2013). A Simple And Inexpensive Phantom For Quality Control Of CBCT Units.
• Torgersen, Gerald R. (2012). Strålevern – ny forskrift – med bakgrunn.
• Torgersen, Gerald R. (2012). Kvalitetskontroller CBCT.
• Torgersen, Gerald R. (2012). Strålevern – ny forskrift – med bakgrunn.
• Torgersen, Gerald R. (2011). Dental Cone Beam CT - Måling av doser og andre parametre QA - Dosesammenlikninger - Pasientdoser.
• Torgersen, Gerald R. (2011). Bildekvalitetskontroll på maxillofaciale CBCT-enheter.
• Torgersen, Gerald Ruiner & Hol, Caroline (2009). Cone Beam CT (CBCT) – en ny modalitet på vei ut til tannlegene. Vis sammendrag

  Vi gir en kort introduksjon til teknologien bak CBCT og introduserer noen apparater på markedet. Bruksområder innen maxillofacial radiologi presenteres. En kort status på dagens utbredelse og et anslag av planlagte innkjøp vil bli gitt. Vi ser litt på regelverket for bruk og ettersyn av ustyret, internasjonalt og nasjonalt. Teknologien er ny innen dentale klinikker, derfor mangler det rutiner og rettningslinjer for dosimetri, mottaks- og kvalitetskontroll. Rollen medisinske fysikere skal spille i dette arbeidet diskuteres.

• Hol, Caroline; Olerud, Hilde Merete; Landmark, I.D.; Friberg, Eva G; Torgersen, Gerald Ruiner & Svanæs, Dagfinn Beyer [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2008). Low-dose MDCT and CBCT: Dose comparison.
• Torgersen, Gerald Ruiner (2006). Anisotrope universmodeller med materie og mørk energi. Universitetet i Oslo.

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